<p>St Pauls Island , also known as Selmunett, is a small island off Selmun near the north-east of the main island of Malta. St Pauls Island is sometimes split into two islands by a shallow isthmus, and it is therefore sometimes referred to in the plural as St Pauls Islands. St Paul&#39;s Island has been uninhabited since World War II, and it is the second largest uninhabited island of Malta, having an area of 0.1 km².</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Acts of the Apostles tell the story of how Paul the Apostle was shipwrecked on an island which some scholars have identified as Malta while on his way to Rome to face charges. Traditionally, St. Pauls Bay and St Pauls Island are identified as the location for this shipwreck.</p><br>
<p>Until 1575 the islands were named after the Salomone family, who owned a nearby land in Mellieha also called Selmun; the islands were named on maps as Isola Salomone and Isola Salomonetto and interpreted by the Maltese as Selmun and Selmunett. On other maps the islands were referred to as Selmuns Islands and The Scroll of Selmun. In 1576, Marco di Maria was being chased by Barbary corsairs off the coast of Malta. He navigated his vessel through the narrow channel between St Pauls Island and Malta, but when the pirates followed him they ran aground and were captured. As a result of this, the Grandmaster Jean de la Cassière gave St Paul&#39;s Islands to di Maria and the islands started to be called Tal-Barba Marku.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Marco, as decreed by the Grand Master, the island passed to his family. It first went to his son Giovanni de Maria and later to the nephew of Marco who was the son of Giavanni, whom was named Narduccio de Maria. Narduccio lost his life in a battle at sea in a fight against the Ottomans. The island was then transferred to the Religion, as the Order&#39;s possession. Sometime after 1649 a tower was built on the island by Grand Master Giovanni Paolo Lascaris. The tower was part of a contract, for the exchange of the island with the Casa della Giornata (now the site of the Royal Opera House) in Valletta that belonged to Michel de Torellas, the Prior of Catalonia.</p><br>
<p>In 1844 a prominent statue of Saint Paul was erected on the island. It was sculpted by Segismondo Dimech from Valletta and Salvatore Dimech from Lija. The statue was officially inaugurated and blessed on 21 September 1845. It was restored by Din l-Art Ħelwa a number of times, first in 1996, then in 2007, in 2014, and 2015.</p><br>
<p>Until the 1930s, a farmer called Vincenzo Borg, nicknamed Ta&#39; Bajdafin, lived on the island in the tower built by Grandmaster Lascaris. He converted and used it as a farmhouse. Borg abandoned the dwelling, and the fields on the island, just before World War II started. The tower was a three-chambered structure with a heavily buttressed wall at its lower level. It was built similar to other Lascaris towers. Since it was abandoned, the upper room has collapsed and the structure is now in ruins.</p><br>
<p>Pope John Paul II visited the island by boat during his visit to Malta in 1990. In the same year, a statue named Kristu tal-Baħħara was sunk near St. Paul’s Island. After 10 years, the statue was moved from St. Paul&#39;s Bay to Qawra point because of deteriorating visibility in the water and a decline in divers visiting the site.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Saint Pauls Islands lie about 80 metres off the coast of Mellieħa, Malta. The island can split into two islands by a shallow isthmus according to the sea level, and when they are split the larger island on the west is known as Saint Pauls Island while the smaller one on the east is known as Quartz Island. Both islands are made of upper coralline limestone.</p><br>
<p>Saint Pauls Islands landscape is a maritime garigue dominated by Golden samphire, Maltese fleabane and other species. Quartz Island is more exposed and has less vegetation than the main island.</p><br>
<p>A population of the land snail Trochoidea spratti can be found on the islands. Wild rabbits used to live on the island but the population died off due to disease. A subspecies of the Maltese wall lizard known as Podarcis filfolensis kieselbachi also lived there but the population apparently became extinct in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Gruta Rei do Mato  is a cave located at the edge of the BR-040 highway, close to the off ramp to the city of Sete Lagoas, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. From Sete Lagoas the cave can easily be reached by bus, taxi or car. Sete Lagoas is 70 km from Belo Horizonte, the capital of the state.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Gruta Rei do Mato means "Cave of the Forest King" in Portuguese. The name divides into Gruta (cave) and Rei do Mato (Forest King). According to several local sources, the "Rei do Mato" was a fugitive in either the Gruta Rei do Mato or another cave in the vicinity. According to the authors of Dona Brasil, he lived in a hut near the grotto.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The limestone area north of Belo Horizonte is called the Sete Lagoas Formation, in which the Lagoa Santa Karst developed. The area around Sete Lagoas has many cave systems, of which the Gruta Rei do Mato is the most widely known. The cave has four large chambers with numerous stalactites, stalagmites and rimstone dams. In the "Rarities Hall" are nearly identical parallel columns, formed by the calcium carbonate crystals of calcite. These columns are more than 20 m high and 20 m in diameter.</p><br>
<p>In the nearby Parque da Cascata is a collapsed karst crater which can be recognised by some stalactites that are oriented horizontally as a result of the collapse. In a small cave next to the Gruta Rei do Mato, 4,000 to 6,000 year old cave paintings were discovered, as well as skeletal remains of the Xenorhinotherium bahiense, an extinct Pleistocene mammal. A replica of this animal can be found in the cave.</p><br>
<p>Noshaq  is the second highest peak in the Hindu Kush Range  at 7,492 m. It lies on the border between Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan and Chitral District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and is the world&#39;s westernmost 7,000 meter massif.</p><br>
<p>Noshaq was first climbed by a Japanese expedition in 1960 led by Professor Sakato. Other members of the expedition were Goro Iwatsabo and Toshiaki Sakai. The climb followed the normal Pakistan approach, the southeast ridge from the Qadzi Deh Glacier. The normal Afghanistan approach route is by the west ridge.</p><br>
<p>The first winter ascent was 13 February 1973 by Tadeusz Piotrowski and Andrzej Zawada, members of a Polish expedition, via the north face. It was the world’s first winter climb of any 7000 m peak. Until now it is the only winter ascent to this summit.</p><br>
<p>Only the main peak and Noshaq West (7250 m) are on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border (the Durand Line), a watershed divide. The other peaks of this massif lie well within Pakistan and are easily accessible from Chitral, 64 km away. The west side of the massif is in Afghanistan whereas the south and eastern sides are in Pakistan. The second highest peak in this massif is Noshaq East (7480m), climbed in 1963 by Dr.Gerald Gruber and Rudolf Pischenger from Austria. The third highest peak of the massif is Noshaq Central (7400m) followed by Noshaq West. These peaks were also climbed by the same Austrian expedition of 1963.</p><br>
<p>The easiest access to Noshaq is from Chitral, Pakistan which is linked to Islamabad by flights. The mountain is also accessible from Qazi Deh village in Afghanistan, 28km a journey of about five days. Qazi Deh is 280 km away from Kabul, Afghanistan.</p><br>
<p>The first Afghan ascent of the mountain was in July 2009. Two members of a team of four Afghans from the Wakhan Corridor summited on July 19.</p><br>
<p>Rankala Lake is a picturesque lake in the Kolhapur District of the state of Maharashtra in western India.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is believed to be linked directly to a well in Panhala Fort which Shivaji Maharaj is believed to have crossed. Nowadays it is a famous spot for residents of Kolhapur to spend the weekends. It lies in Kolhapur. In recent past, Kolhapur Municipal corporation has built "Padpath Udyan" for a lakeside walk. This lake was constructed by Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur. It is located on the western side of MahaLakshmi temple. This wide and spacious lake is so called because at its centre lies the temple of Rankabhairav.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the 8th century this historical place was just a stone quarry. In the earthquake which took place sometime in the 9th century some natural structural change took place in the quarry. Water started accumulating in this quarry due to opening of an underground source. This accumulated water is today’s famous Rankala Lake. This historic lake has a temple with very big Nandi. As per Hindu mythology Lord Shiva uses Nandi for traveling. It is believed that this idol of Nandi moves about a distance of a single wheat grain towards the lake and back about a distance of single rice grain daily. It is also said that when this idol reaches the lake the whole world will be destroyed. Sandhya Math was built on the banks of this lake. Towards the north side of this lake there is "Shalini Palace" and towards north-east "Padmaraje Garden" makes the scene of this lake enchanting. Recently for development of tourism, South-East bank the lake has been developed into a pathway, park and sit-outs. This historical lake has a temple nearby with a mammoth structure of Nandi, the chariot of Lord Shiva. Legend has it that a golden temple is submerged under the temple of Rankabhairav.</p><br>
<h2>Current Attraction at Lake</h2><br>
<p>It is surrounded by chowpati, other gardens and pathway. The area surrounding the lake has been converted into a garden where people sell Bhel-Puri, Ragda Patis and various mouth-watering snacks like roasted corns etc. Rankala is also famous for horse riding and boating. The Shalini Palace stands on the west bank of the lake. It is built of intricately carved black stone and Italian marble. Recently, the palace is now converted into a hotel.</p><br>
<p>Today lake is facing problem of sewage pollution due to discharge of nallahs from residential areas nearby. Occurrence of algae species since last three years has led concern in minds of Rankala lovers in the city. Lake is turning green since 2011 in every August as this year also. KMC (Kolhapur Municipal Corporation) is striving hard to cope up with eutrophication. Problem of pollution is aggravated by visitors as they throw wastes into the lake.</p><br>
<p>Antirrio  is a town and a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nafpaktia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 50.794 km.</p><br>
<p>It is situated on the north side of the narrow (2.4 km) Strait of Rio, which separates the Gulf of Patras in the west from the Gulf of Corinth in the east. Since August 2004 the Rio–Antirrio bridge connects northwestern Greece with the Peloponnese. The name Antirrio means "opposite Rio".</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Antirrio is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Antirrio (Antirrio, Karaoulia, Myrtia, Spartorachi)</p><br>
<p>Makyneia (Makyneia, Agios Polykarpos, Agrapidokampos, Riza)</p><br>
<p>Molykreio (Molykreio, Ano Platanitis, Fragkaiika)</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Antirrio is situated at the western entrance of the Gulf of Corinth. It is 3 km northwest of Rio, 10 km north of Patras and 9 km southwest of Naupactus. 8 km to the northwest is the 1,039 m high mountain Klokova (also known as Paliovouna), rising steeply from the Gulf of Patras coast. The Rio–Antirrio bridge, carrying Motorway 5, connects it with the Peloponnese peninsula. Greek National Road 5 connects it with Missolonghi and northwestern Greece, Greek National Road 48 with Naupactus and Livadeia.</p><br>
<p>The Port of Antirrio was an important ferry port for traffic from the Peloponnese to northwestern Greece, but its significance was decreased when the new Rio-Antirrio bridge was opened. Adjacent to the port is a lighthouse and the fortress of Antirrio.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Tolbachik  is a volcanic complex on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. It consists of two volcanoes, Plosky  Tolbachik  and Ostry  Tolbachik , which as the names suggest are respectively a flat-topped shield volcano and a peaked stratovolcano. As Ostry is the mountain&#39;s highest point, the entire mountain is often referred to as "Ostry Tolbachik", not to be confused with Ostry, a separate volcano to the north also on the Kamchatka Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Activity</h2><br>
<p>Its eruptive history stretches back thousands of years, but the most notable eruption occurred in 1975, commonly known as "The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption". It was preceded by an earthquake swarm, which led to a successful prediction of the eruption by scientists from the Russian Institute of Volcanology. The eruption created several new cinder cones, and in terms of volume of lava emitted, was Kamchatka&#39;s largest basaltic eruption in historic times.</p><br>
<p>On November 27, 2012 a strombolian type eruption started from two fissures. Basaltic lava flows move relatively fast, and quickly flooded buildings 4 km away. The eruption continued for more than a month, as lava continued to flow from the fissures. Lava flowed up to 20 kilometers (12 miles) from the line of fissures on the volcano’s southern flank. was collected on December 22, 2012. According to the, the eruption is ongoing.</p><br>
<h2>Mineralogy</h2><br>
<p>The fumarole deposits of Tolbachik are rich in exotic minerals and as of September 2017, 100 new minerals have been first described here including alarsite and tolbachite.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>The Aures Mountains  are an eastern prolongation of the Atlas Mountain System that lies to the east of the Saharan Atlas in northeastern Algeria.</p><br>
<p>The mountain range gives its name to the mountainous natural and historical region of the Aures.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Aures mountains are the eastern continuation of the Saharan Atlas. They are located at a lower elevation than the High Atlas mountains of Morocco. The highest peak in the Aures range is Djebel Chélia in Khenchela Province, which sits at 2,328 m.</p><br>
<p>The Belezma Range is a northwestern prolongation of the Aures Mountains located where the Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas come together. Its main summits are 2,178 m (7,145 ft) high Djebel Refaâ and 2,136 m (7,007 ft) high Djebel Tichaou.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the Aures served as a refuge and bulwark for the Berber tribes, forming a base of resistance against the Romans, Vandals, Byzantine, and Arabs along the centuries.</p><br>
<p>The mountain area was also a district of French Algeria that existed during and after the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962. It was in this region that the Algerian War of Independence was started by Berber freedom fighters. The rugged terrain of the Aures makes it still one of the least developed areas in the Maghreb.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>In eastern Algeria, the Aures is a large Berber-speaking region, home of the Chaoui people. The Chaoui eastern Berber population practices traditional transhumance, farming fixed stone terraces in the mountains where they grow sorghum, as well as other grains and vegetables. Seasonally they move their cattle to relatively warm areas in the lowland valleys where they pitch tents or live in other temporary structures and tend livestock through the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Saharan Atlas  is a range of the Atlas Mountain System. It is located mainly in Algeria, with its eastern end in Tunisia. Although not as tall as the Grand Atlas of Morocco its summits are more imposing than the Tell Atlas range that runs parallel closer to the coast. The tallest peak in the range is the 2,236 m high Djebel Aissa in the Ksour Range.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Saharan Atlas includes a series of subranges: the Ksour Range in the west, the Amour Range in its central and the Ouled-Naïl Range at its eastern end. It also includes the Aurès (Belezma), the Hodna Mountains, the Nememcha Range and the Zab Mountains. The Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas merge in the east to join together into the Tébessa Range and the Medjerda Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Bordered in the north by the Hautes Plaines, the Saharan Atlas is one of the vast plateaus of Africa, formed of ancient base rock covered by the sediment of shallow seas and alluvial deposits.</p><br>
<p>Among the rivers of the Atlas, the Saharan Atlas feeds wadis. Among these are the Chelif and Touil wadis, riverbeds that contains water only during wet periods, respectively draining the Amour and Ouled-Naïl ranges of the Saharan Atlas.</p><br>
<p>The Saharan Atlas Mountains mark the northern edge of the Sahara Desert. The mountains see some rainfall and are better suited to agriculture than the plateau region to the north. Today most of the population of the region are Chaoui Berbers. The mountains have also long been home to exiles expelled from the fertile coastal regions.</p><br>
<p>Fort Orange  was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland; the present-day city of Albany, New York developed at this site. It was built in 1624 as a replacement for Fort Nassau, which had been built on nearby Castle Island and served as a trading post until 1617 or 1618, when it was abandoned due to frequent flooding. Both forts were named in honor of the Dutch House of Orange-Nassau. Due to a dispute between the Director-General of New Netherland and the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck regarding jurisdiction over the fort and the surrounding community, the fort and community became an independent municipality, paving the way for the future city of Albany. After conquest of the region by the English, they soon abandoned Fort Orange  in favor of a new fort: Fort Frederick, constructed in 1676.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1624, a ship with 30 Protestant Walloons (French-speaking people from what is today southern Belgium) landed in New Netherland; 18 of the men were sent to the location near present-day Albany. Under direction of the Dutch, they built Fort Orange roughly 2 mi north of Fort Nassau, which was prone to flooding, and about five miles south of the confluence of the Mohawk River and the North River.</p><br>
<p>The Walloons were later recalled south to settle New Amsterdam. A 1628 publication on the population of New Netherland stated that "there are no families at Fort Orange... they keep five or six and twenty (25 or 26) persons, traders, there". In 1626, the commander of Fort Orange and a company of men set out from the fort to assist the Mahican people in their war against the Mohawk, the powerful Iroquois tribe based in the Mohawk Valley to the west of the fort. The Dutch party was ambushed and three men were killed approximately a mile from the fort, roughly where Lincoln Park and Delaware Avenue are sited today.</p><br>
<p>Whereas later settlement would be through the purchase of land from the Native Americans, the Dutch built Fort Orange without any consent. They continued to hold it only through the goodwill of the Mahican, and the occasional presents that they gave to the local Mahicans.</p><br>
<p>When the Dutch established the Charter of Privileges and Exemptions in 1629 setting up the patroon system, Kiliaen van Rensselaer established his patroonship of Rensselaerswyck, surrounding Fort Orange on 24 mi of shoreline along the Hudson River and 24 mi inland on each side of the fort. This land patent was interpreted by van Rensselaer as including Fort Orange and the settlement that had begun outside its walls. He began purchasing and acquiring title to the lands from the Mahican. In 1630, Gillis Hoosett purchased in van Rensselaers name the lands to the south and north of the fort from the natives. Later in 1630 the first permanent Dutch settlers and farmers came to Fort Orange and settled on the outskirts of the fort; their village was first called the Fuyck and later Beverwyck. In 1634 the commander of Fort Orange ordered Harmen Meyndertsz van den Bogaert west into the Mohawk Valley and Indian country, for the purpose of understanding why the fur trade had declined. The trip lasted six weeks and took Bogaert and his men through a number of Mohawk villages and into Oneida villages, at least 100 miles from the fort. This journey was recorded in van den Bogaerts daily journal which is titled, A Journey into Mohawk and Oneida Country. In the 1640s a French Jesuit priest and missionary, Isaac Jogues, described Fort Orange as "a wretched little fort... built of stakes, with four or five pieces of cannon of Breteuil".</p><br>
<p>In 1648, dispute arose between agents of the Dutch West India Company and agents of the patroon over control of Fort Orange and the surrounding settlement. The Director-General of New Netherland, representing the West India Company, was Pieter Stuyvesant, who saw the patroons position, power, and land as a direct threat to the West India Companys ability to profit from the beaver pelt trade in Fort Orange. Several confrontations arose over the status of the fort and the rights of settlers around it. Stuyvesant at first ordered all buildings within cannon shot of the fort to be destroyed, then lowered that circumference to that of musket shot. In response, the patroons agent, Commander van Schlechtenhorst, decided to expand settlement to "within pistol shot of Fort Orange". After the yearly freshets had damaged much of the fort, the West India Company decided to reconstruct the fort using stone. In response, van Schlechtenhorst declared it illegal for anyone to quarry stone within Rensselaerswyck for the fort or for anyone to sell the material to the forts commander, Carl van Brugge. All material for the fort had to be shipped in from outside the colony. Van Schlechtenhorst claimed that Fort Orange had been illegally built on the patroon&#39;s lands, while Stuyvesant noted that Fort Orange had been built 15 years prior to the establishment of Rensselaerswyck.</p><br>
<p>In 1651, Stuyvesant declared the jurisdiction of the fort to extend 600 paces around the fort, thereby severing it from Rensselaerswyck; he appointed Johannes Dyckman as commissary of Fort Orange. In 1652, Stuyvesant, to settle this dispute once and for all, set up a "Court of Justice for the Village of Beverwyck and its dependencies", the first municipal government for the future city of Albany.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 1650s, the fort was in disrepair again, In 1663 smallpox raged in Fort Orange, killing one person a day, which was a large percentage given the small population in the fort.</p><br>
<p>On September 8, 1664, the English, after sending numerous war ships to New Amsterdam, demanded the surrender of New Netherland and came to terms with the Dutch. On that date New Netherland became the Province of New York with Colonel Richard Nicolls appointed as the first English colonial governor; New Amsterdam was renamed New York. Johannes De Decker sailed on that day from New Amsterdam to Fort Orange to rally the troops and settlers to resist English rule. On September 10, Governor Nicholls sent troops to demand the peaceful surrender of the "Fort Aurania", aurania being the Latin name for "orange" that the English used when referring to Fort Orange.</p><br>
<p>It was not until September 24, 1664 that vice-director of New Netherland Johannes de Montagne surrendered the fort to the English, and Colonel George Cartwright took command. On the 25th, Captain John Manning was given control of the fort, which was renamed Fort Albany; Beverwyck was named Albany.</p><br>
<p>In 1673 the Dutch retook New York City, which they named New Orange, on July 29, then retook Albany on August 3. In September, Albany was renamed Willemstadt and Fort Albany became Fort Nassau. The Treaty of Westminster, signed on February 19, 1674, renamed New Orange and Willemstadt back to their English names; Fort Nassau became Fort Albany and Willemstadt became Albany.</p><br>
<p>In 1666, Jeremias van Rensselaer, then-patroon of Rensselaerswyck, had petitioned the new government of Governor Nicholls to recognize Fort Albany (Fort Orange) as part of Rensselaerswyck. Governor Nicholls informed him that he would be wise to drop the matter until he heard from the Duke of York. In 1678, Governor Andros issued to the patroons heirs a grant reaffirming the patroons rights over Rensselaerswyck, but leaving out Fort Albany and the immediate area around the fort.</p><br>
<p>The English abandoned Fort Orange and built a new fort on top of State Street Hill named Fort Frederick; it served both to defend the settlement from the Mohawk and other Iroquois to the west and to be on high ground to remind the Dutch inhabitants of English rule. The land around the old fort was sold to the Dutch Reformed Church for use as pastureland, but the fort structure continued to deteriorate. It was indicated on maps during the 18th century, labeled as "ruins of an Old Fort." Richard Smith observed that there was "nothing to be seen of Fort Orange... but the Ditch which surrounded it". After the American Revolutionary War, the deteriorated site of the old fort was memorialized as a historic site and was the site of many historical observances.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent occupation</h3><br>
<p>Simeon De Witt built a large house or mansion and a number of outbuildings on the site of the old fort during the 1790s; the address for the site of the old fort became 549 South Market Street (later Broadway). On his property traces of the old fort could still be seen as late as 1812. He lived at this location while he was the surveyor-general of New York. Following his death, his mansion and outbuildings were adapted for use as the Fort Orange Hotel. It burned down in 1848 but was rebuilt under the same name.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, as part of the bicentennial of Albany&#39;s incorporating document, the Dongan Charter, the city erected a bronze tablet at the site of the northeastern bastion of Fort Orange. In the 1930s the tablet was moved during construction of the Dunn Memorial Bridge, and for almost 100 years it did not mark the site of Fort Orange. The Albany Institute of History and Art has a cannonball labeled as "Dug up at Fort Orange site July 22nd 1886", the date the bicentennial marker was placed. No known archeological excavations were done other than placing the sign. The tablet was moved again in 1971 after excavations discovered remnants of the fort during construction of Interstate 787 and the interchange with the South Mall Expressway. The marker was returned to the site of Fort Orange, but not to the former location of the northeastern bastion.</p><br>
<p>As the Fort Orange Archeological Site, the area of the fort was declared a National Historic Landmark (and added to the National Register of Historic Places) on November 4, 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Commanders of the fort</h2><br>
<p>Adriaen Jorrissen Thienpont</p><br>
<p>Daniel van Krieckebeck ("Crieckenbeeck... killed by Mohawks in 1626")</p><br>
<p>Bastiaen Jansz Krol ("appointed commissary of Fort Orange several months... after... was killed by Mohawks in 1626&quot "Krol returned to the Netherlands in 1629")</p><br>
<p>Hans Jorissen Houten</p><br>
<p>Carl van Brugge</p><br>
<p>Johannes Dyckman</p><br>
<p>Johannes de Decker</p><br>
<p>Johannes de la Montagne</p><br>
<h3>as Fort Albany under the English</h3><br>
<p>Captain John Manning</p><br>
<p>Captain John Baker</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Salisbury</p><br>
<h3>as Fort Nassau under the Dutch</h3><br>
<p>Lieutenant Andries Draeyer</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the 1970 excavations, no 17th-century Dutch artifacts had been discovered in Albany. The excavations were undertaken by the New York State Historic Trust with the New York State Department of Transportation from October 20, 1970 until March 1971. The first test hole was made in what had been the cellar of the De Witt house, which had obliterated all remnants of the old fort. Digging at a site under Broadway in front of the house turned up many pieces from the Dutch colonial past. Among those were a Jew&#39;s harp, tobacco pipes, beads, Rhenish stoneware, and Delftware. The excavations also revealed the south moat and counterscarp, a pebbled path from the east entrance of the fort, a brewery owned by Jean Labatie built in 1647, and parts of several houses owned by Hendrick Andriessen van Doesburgh, Abraham Staats, and Hans Vos.</p><br>
<p>From the excavations, scholars noted that venison made up the majority of the meat eaten by the settlers of the fort, followed by pork. The greatest number of fish bones and scales were found in a pit 20 ft south of the pebbled entrance path dating from before 1648. Sturgeon were found infrequently in later 17th-century deposits. Eating and drinking utensils consisted of lead-glazed red-bodied and white/buff bodied earthenware, tin earthenware, Rhenish stoneware, Chinese porcelain, glass roemers, spechter glasses, and façon de Venise glassware. The tin-glazed earthenware, at least prior to 1650, were of the majolica variety and not the delft. Porcelain was rare, found only as a few shards. The site was in continual use and artifacts recovered include 1830s Creamware or Pearlware and 1860s copper bottom coffee pot remnants. The artifacts from the excavation are housed at the New York State Museum.</p><br>
<p>Parengarenga Harbour is a natural harbour close to the northernmost point on the North Island of New Zealand. Located at the northern end of the Aupouri Peninsula, it extends inland for over 10 kilometres, almost severing the northern tip of the island from the rest of the peninsula. Bay mouth is facing with Great Exhibition Bay. The island&#39;s northernmost point, at the Surville Cliffs is only about 10 kilometres north of the harbour. Te Hapua is a settlement at the western side of the harbour.</p><br>
<p>The brilliantly white sand of Kokota Sandspit, at the southern head of Parengarenga Harbour, has provided a source of high purity silica sand for glassmaking. Dredging continued here until 1997. While smaller or lower purity deposits are found elsewhere in Northland, the Parengarenga area holds the region&#39;s largest silica sand resource by far.</p><br>
<p>The water is a habitat for Green sea turtles, and dolphins, Killer whales, and Pilot whales visit the adjacent areas.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bonnell, also known as Covert Park, is a prominent point alongside the Lake Austin portion of the Colorado River in Austin, Texas. It has been a popular tourist destination since the 1850s. The mount provides a vista for viewing the city of Austin, Lake Austin, and the surrounding hills. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1969, bearing Marker number 6473, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Bonnell is located at 30.3210°N, 97.7736°W (WGS 84 datum). The mount is often described as the highest point in Austin, with the elevation at its peak about 775 feet above mean sea level (AMSL).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Mount Bonnell's Indian Trail</h3><br>
<p>A historical marker was placed at Mount Bonnell in 1969 by State Historical Survey Committee. The marker reads:</p><br>
<p>Years after Bigfoot Wallaces refuge in the cave on Mount Bonnell, when asked why he had chosen the cave as a refuge, he responded "Well. the cave was right on the old Indian trail leading down to Austin, and I thought I would be able to keep my hand in by upping&#39; one now and then; and besides, the cave was in the best hunting ground for bear in all this country."</p><br>
<p>Julia Lee Sinks, author and historian, was an early settler to Austin, arriving in the spring of 1840. Before meeting and marrying George Sinks, chief clerk of the Post Office Department during the Republic years, she lived on West Pecan, present day 6th street, and later wrote “Our home was on the beaten track of the Indians into town from the pass of Mount Bonnell. The knolls beyond the quarry branch were interspersed with timber, and sometimes though not often, we would see galloping past the open spaces beyond the blanketed Indian. The path along the quarry branch, secluded as it was, became their main inlet to the town. It was a sheltered road, never traveled at night by whites, so the Indians claimed right of way, and all full moons brought moccasin tracks in abundance”.</p><br>
<p>If Mount Bonnell was on an Indian trail into Austin, it was also a trail out, as illustrated in another story included in Wilbarger’s book, Indian Depredations of Texas. In 1842, a Mrs. Simpson living on that very same street as Julia Lee Sinks, West Pecan, about three blocks west of Congress, had two children – a daughter 14, a son 12—abducted by Indians while the children were in the adjacent “valley” (Shoal Creek). Wilbarger says that at that time there were no houses there. The Indians “seized the children, mounted their horses and made off for the mountains. going in the direction of Mt. Bonnell”. A posse was raised and gave pursuit. Wilbarger then says “At one time the citizens came within sight of the redskins just before reaching Mt. Bonnell, but the Indians, after arriving at the place, passed on just beyond to the top of the mountain, which being rocky, the citizens lost the trail and were never able to find where the savages went down the mountain”.</p><br>
<p>The Simpson girl was killed, but the boy survived and was later “traded off to some Indian traders, who returned him to his mother”. It is because the boy survived and was returned home that we know what happened after the posse lost the trail of the Indians on Mount Bonnell. From Mt. Bonnell they stopped at Spicewood Springs, “which is situated in the edge of the mountains”. This is where the Simpson girl was killed. Spicewood Springs is located about 5 miles north of Mount Bonnell, at the present day intersections of Mopac Expressway and Spicewood Springs Road.</p><br>
<h3>Origin of the name</h3><br>
<p>Mount Bonnell is generally believed to have been named after early Texas newspaper publisher George W. Bonnell, Though sources have long credited George Bonnell as the mountain’s namesake, Albert Sidney Johnston may have named Mount Bonnell in present-day Austin for his friend and fellow West Point graduate Joseph Bonnell, who was a Captain in the Texas Army during the War for Independence. There is little contemporaneous evidence to support either derivation of the name.</p><br>
<p>Legend has it that Mount Bonnell was once called Antoinette&#39;s Leap, after a young woman who leaped to her death to avoid being captured by Native Americans who had killed her fiancé.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mt. Bonnell forms part of the Balcones Fault Escarpment and these "balconies" were first described by Bernardo de Miranda in 1756. The lower Cretaceous Glen Rose Formation limestone outcrops to the west of the fault zone but is buried 1000 feet to the east.</p><br>
<p>A stratigraphic column starts with the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group overlain by the Edwards Group and the Georgetown Formation. Upper Cretaceous formations follow, starting with the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and then the Eagle Ford Group. Formations within the Trinity Group include the Hammett Formation, Cow Creek Formation, Hensel Formation, and Lower and Upper Glen Rose Formation. The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or aquitard) for the Middle Trinity Aquifer. The Upper Glen Rose contains the Upper Trinity Aquifer, which appears to have intra-aquifer groundwater flow with the Edwards Aquifer as water levels are at the same elevation. Formations within the Edwards Group include the Kainier Formation and the Person Formation. The Upper Cretaceous rock units confine the Edwards Aquifer within the group.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Bonnell fault has a vertical throw of up to 600 feet, making it the most prominent normal fault within the Balcones Fault Zone. During the Miocene, the Edwards Group was displaced downwards relative to the Glen Rose Formation on the Edwards Plateau, so that they are juxtaposed.</p><br>
<p>Ogof Craig a Ffynnon  is a cave in Wales. The cave is about 7 km in length and is located at the base of a quarried rockface in the Clydach Gorge. Water flowing out of the cave is a resurgence of water draining off Llangatock Mountain above.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave was discovered in 1976 by Jeff Hill, John Parker and Bill Gascoine, who had been searching for years for the way in to an underground system that they knew existed to account for the water that resurged in the locality, giving its name to the Rock and Fountain Inn on the road below. The entrance is at the bottom of a quarried rock face in the disused Daren Ddu Quarry, in the flanks of the Llangatock Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>The cave</h2><br>
<p>The cave is about 7 km in length and is renowned as one of the best-decorated caves in Wales. It contains some early short crawling sections (and what is known as an arduous and uncomfortable boulder choke) and some wet passages with voluminous quantities of mud before developing into a series of large sections lavishly decorated with mud and calcite formations. The most spectacular of these is the Hall of the Mountain King, a large cavern liberally adorned with flowstone. The Promised Land is a long, linear passage section with a small stream.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the well-decorated section the cave continues in a long series of low passages. It is thought that the cave will eventually be connected to the theoretical Llangattock System through Ogof y Daren Cilau. All the passages in Ogof Craig a Ffynnon occur in the Gilwern oolite which is located below the Llanelly Formation. The resurgences from the cave all occur in this oolite layer or the shales just above and there is evidence that there is much waterflow, from much of Mynydd Llangatwg, emerging in the Pwll y Cwm oolite, which is the resurgence for Ogof y Daren Cilau.</p><br>
<h2>Access information</h2><br>
<p>The cave can be approached from just above the old Rock and Fountain Inn on the Heads of the Valleys Road where there is a blocked laybye beside some old lime kilns. An old tramroad track leads from here to the Darren Ddu Quarry. The entrance to the cave is at the foot of a rock face and is barred to prevent casual access and vandalism.</p><br>
<p>Since November 2004, access to the cave has been controlled by the Mynydd Llangatwg Cave Management and Advisory Committee; this means a key must be obtained to gain access through the gate, and the log book should be signed. Round trips to the "Hall of the Mountain King" take about two and a half hours while those to the "Promised Land" take six hours. There is a fixed ladder at the first boulder choke and climbing aids at the second boulder choke, but otherwise cavers need to provide their own tackle. The cave sometimes floods, with a sump forming beyond the first boulder choke.</p><br>
<p>The B&O Railroad Museum is a museum exhibiting historic railroad equipment in Baltimore, Maryland, originally named the Baltimore & Ohio Transportation Museum when it opened on July 4, 1953. It has been called one of the most significant collections of railroad treasures in the world and has the largest collection of 19th-century locomotives in the USA The museum is located in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads old Mount Clare Station and adjacent roundhouse, part of the B&Os sprawling Mount Clare Shops site begun in 1829, the oldest railroad manufacturing complex in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Mount Clare is considered to be a birthplace of American railroading, as the site of the first regular railroad passenger service in the USA, beginning on May 22, 1830. It was also to this site that the first telegraph message, "What hath God wrought?" was sent on May 24, 1844, from Washington, D.C., using Samuel F. B. Morse&#39;s invention.</p><br>
<p>The museum houses collections of 19th- and 20th-century artifacts related to America&#39;s railroads. The collection includes 250 pieces of railroad rolling stock, 15,000 artifacts, 5,000 cuft of archival material, four significant 19th-century buildings, including the historic roundhouse, and a mile of track, considered the most historic mile of railroad track in the United States. Train rides are offered on the mile of track on Wednesday through Sunday from April through December and weekends in January. In 2002, the museum had 160,000 visitors annually.</p><br>
<p>The museum also features an outdoor G-scale layout, an indoor HO scale model, and a wooden model train for children to climb on. From Thanksgiving through the New Year, local model railroad groups set up large layouts on the roundhouse floor and in select locations on the grounds of the museum. A museum store offers toys, books, DVDs and other railroad-related items.</p><br>
<p>The museum and station were designated as a USA National Historic Landmark in 1961. In 2008, the Museum won three awards in Nickelodeons Parents Picks Awards in the categories of: Best Museum for Little Kids, Best Indoor Playspace for Little Kids, and Best Indoor Playspace for Big Kids. Television and film actor Michael Gross is the museum&#39;s "celebrity spokesman".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The inaugural horse-drawn B&O train travelled the 13 mi of the newly completed track from Mount Clare to Ellicott Mills (now Ellicott City, Maryland), on May 22, 1830, the first regular railroad passenger service in the USA The existing Mount Clare station brick structure was constructed in 1851. The adjacent roundhouse designed by Ephraim Francis Baldwin was built in 1884 to service the B&O&#39;s passenger cars.</p><br>
<p>For much of its history, the B&O had been collecting locomotives and other artifacts from its history for public relations purposes. This collection was stored in various places, until the railroad decided to centralize it in a permanent home. The car shop of the Mt. Clare Shops was chosen, and the new museum opened on July 4, 1953.</p><br>
<p>The museum ended up outliving its parent B&O Railroad, and was kept intact by both the Chessie System and CSX Corporation. In 1990, CSX deeded the property and collection to the newly formed, not-for-profit museum organization governed by an independent board of directors and provided it with a $5 million endowment. In 1999, the museum became affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution.</p><br>
<p>In the early morning of February 17, 2003, heavy snow from the Presidents Day Storm collapsed half of the roof of the museums roundhouse. Although the structures central support columns remained standing, the supporting iron struts and ties of the destroyed roofing sections failed under the snow load. The museum suffered heavy damage not only to the roundhouse itself but also to the collection within the roundhouse. Some of the items were damaged beyond repair. Reporting on the devastation the following day, The Baltimore Sun said, "...hours after the collapse, columns of mangled steel stuck out from the roundhouse... Locomotives and passenger cars in the museums collection, some dating from the 1830s, could be seen covered with snow and debris." The roundhouse, with a newly repaired roof, reopened to the public on November 13, 2004, with the damaged locomotives and cars were surrounded by a plexiglass barrier. As of September 2015, all damaged exhibits have been restored to their original appearance.</p><br>
<p>After the roof collapse, subsequent fund raising and restoration allowed the museum to upgrade many of its facilities. In 2005 the museum opened a new service facility west of the roundhouse for restoration of historical equipment and maintenance of active equipment.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s holdings include both originals and replicas, some of which were built by the B&O for its centennial "Fair of the Iron Horse" in 1927. Exhibits include:</p><br>
<p>Baltimore and Ohio 4-4-0 #25: The William Mason built in 1856, used in "The Great Locomotive Chase, and later the movie Wild Wild West. Operated until October 2014, taken out of service due to thin crown sheet.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 0-4-0 "Tom Thumb" 1927 replica. Operational.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 0-4-0 #8 "John Hancock" built in 1836.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 4-2-0 #13 "Lafayette" 1927 replica. Operational.</p><br>
<p>Cumberland Valley 2-2-2T #13 "Pioneer". On loan. built in 1851.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 4-6-0 #305: (Built in 1869 at Mt. Clare, Mother Hubbard design based on Ross Winans&#39; design. Previously #217.)</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 4-6-0 #147 "Thatcher Perkins" built in 1863.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 0-8-0 #57 "Memnon" built in 1848.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore and Ohio 2-8-0 #545 A.J. Cromwell: built in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore and Ohio 2-6-0 #600 "J. C. Davis": built at Mt. Clare in 1875, which won first prize at the 1876 Centennial Exposition.</p><br>
<p>St. Elizabeths Hospital 0-4-0T #4: one of the last Porter steam locomotives built, built in 1950 for use at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington DC. Later ran at Ft. Eustis then in storage at Cass Scenic Railroad. Arrived at B&O Museum in 1980s. Restored to operating condition in 2002 and re-restored in 2005 after suffering damage in roof collapse. Generally fired up once or twice a year. Operational. Coal burner.</p><br>
<p>Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 4-6-4 #490: The last surviving "Streamlined" Hudson built in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Chesapeake & Ohio 4-6-0 #377 built in 1902.</p><br>
<p>Clinchfield Railroad 4-6-0 #1 built in 1882.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 0-4-0 "Grasshopper", built in 1832 by Phineas Davis and Israel Gartner, one of the oldest surviving American locomotives</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 4-6-2 #5300 "President Washington" built in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio 2-8-2 #4500, USRA Light Mikado and the world&#39;s first USRA locomotive, built in 1918.</p><br>
<p>Chesapeake & Ohio 2-8-4 #2705 built in 1943.</p><br>
<p>Chesapeake & Ohio 2-6-6-2 #1309, The last domestic steam locomotive built by the Baldwin locomotive works in 1949. Being restored to operating condition by the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Chesapeake and Ohio 2-6-6-6 #1604: One of two surviving "Allegheny"-class locomotives built in 1941.</p><br>
<p>American Freedom Train 4-8-4 #1 (Reading #2101) built in 1945. One of three steam engines used on American Freedom Train of 1975–1976. Used on Chessie System Steam Specials in 1978-1979.</p><br>
<p>Greenbrier, Cheat and Elk River Shay #1 built in 1905.</p><br>
<p>Central Railroad of New Jersey 4-4-2 #592 built in 1901, one of five surviving Camelback type locomotives.</p><br>
<p>Potomac Electric Company (PEPCO) Fireless 0-4-0 #1</p><br>
<p>Pere Marquette SW1 #11. built in 1942. Operational.</p><br>
<p>Central Railroad of New Jersey #1000: first commercially successful diesel built in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio EA #51: first streamlined diesel built in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio RDC #1961 (operable) built in 1956.</p><br>
<p>Western Maryland BL2 #81 built in 1948 and Slug #138T built in 1941.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio GP30 #6499 built in 1957. Operational.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio GP40 #3684. built in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio GP9 #6607. built in 1956. Operational.</p><br>
<p>Western Maryland RS3 #195 built in 1953</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Annapolis 70 tonner #50 built in 1950</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio (Octoraro) S1 #3</p><br>
<p>Canton Railroad Baldwin VO-1000 #32 built in 1944</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio GP7 #6405 (operable) built in 1953</p><br>
<p>Chessie System GP38 #3802: built in 1967 chosen by Trains Magazine as "All American Diesel". Operable</p><br>
<p>Baltimore & Ohio #10 (electric)</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania Railroad #4876: GG1 electric, not currently on display, that crashed into Washington D.C.&#39;s Union Station in 1953 in the Federal Express train wreck.</p><br>
<p>MARC F7A 7100 (cab car)</p><br>
<p>Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad ("Ma & Pa") inspection car and Railway post office car</p><br>
<p>B&O Royal Blue Line 1890s-era coach</p><br>
<h2>Ellicott City Station</h2><br>
<p>The B&Os station in Ellicott City, Maryland, formerly operated by the museum until 2017, is the oldest surviving railroad station in America. The Main Depot building was completed in 1830-1831 by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. The site also includes the 1885 freight house, a replica of the first horse-drawn passenger rail car, and a 1927 "I-5" caboose. Exhibits highlight the people who built and operated Americas first railroad, the role of the railroad in the Civil War, and the changes wrought by the development of rail transportation.</p><br>
<p>The freight house features a 40-foot HO-gauge model railroad layout showing the first 13 mi of commercial rail track between Baltimore and Ellicott Mills (as Ellicott City was known in the 1830s). The museum announced plans to sponsor an Explorer post under the aegis of the Boy Scouts of America beginning in 2010, for teenage participants to help maintain the freight house&#39;s model railroad, as well as helping with large events at both the Ellicott City Station and the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>The museum also offers living history programs. Museum members are entitled to visit the Ellicott City Station free of charge.</p><br>
<p>Monte Hacho is a low mountain that overlooks the Spanish city of Ceuta, on the north coast of Africa. Monte Hacho is positioned on the Mediterranean coast at the Strait of Gibraltar opposite Gibraltar, and along with the Rock of Gibraltar is claimed by some to be one of the Pillars of Hercules . According to the legend Hercules pushed apart the two mountains and created a link between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.</p><br>
<p>In classical civilization it was known as Mons Abila (Mount Abila or Abyla).</p><br>
<p>Monte Hacho is located on the Península de Almina and topped by a fort, the Fortaleza de Hacho, which was first built by the Byzantines, before being added to by the Arabs, Portuguese and Spanish. It is now occupied by the Spanish army. Monte Hacho also has a convent, Ermita de San Antonio, and Monumento del Llano Amarillo which is a monument to Generalisimo Francisco Franco and the start of the Spanish Civil War in North Africa in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Numantia  was an ancient Celtiberian settlement, whose remains are located 7 km north of the city of Soria, on a hill known as Cerro de la Muela in the municipality of Garray.</p><br>
<p>Numantia is famous for its role in the Celtiberian Wars.</p><br>
<p>In the year 153 BC Numantia experienced its first serious conflict with Rome.</p><br>
<p>After 20 years of hostilities, in the year 133 BC the Roman Senate gave Scipio Aemilianus Africanus</p><br>
<p>the task of destroying Numantia. He laid siege to the city, erecting a nine kilometre fence supported by towers, moats, impaling rods and so on. After 13 months of siege, the Numantians decided to burn the city and die free rather than live and be slaves.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The nearest settlement to the ruins of Numantia is the village of Garray in the province of Soria. Garray has grown up next to a bridge across the Duero. It is only a few miles from the small city of Soria, capital of the eponymous province.</p><br>
<h2>Early history of the site</h2><br>
<p>Numantia was an Iron Age hill fort (in Roman terminology an "oppidum"), which controlled a crossing of the river Duero.</p><br>
<p>Pliny the Elder counts it as a city of the Pellendones, but other authors, like Strabo and Ptolemy place it among the Arevaci people. The Arevaci were a Celtiberian tribe, formed by the mingling of Iberians and migrating Celts in the 6th century BC, who inhabited an area near Numantia and Uxama.</p><br>
<p>The first serious conflict with Rome occurred in 153 BC when Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was consul. Numantia took in some fugitives from the city of Segeda, who belonged to another Celtiberian tribe called the Belli. The leader of the Belli, Carus of Segeda, managed to defeat a Roman army. The Romans then besieged Numantia, and deployed a small number of war elephants, but were unsuccessful.</p><br>
<p>Before their defeat in 133 BC, the Numantians gained a number of victories. For example, in 137 BC, 20,000 Romans surrendered to the Celtiberians of Numantia (population between 4,000-8,000). The young Roman officer Tiberius Gracchus, as quaestor, saved the Roman army from destruction by signing a peace treaty with the Numantines, an action generally reserved for a Legate.</p><br>
<h2>Final siege of Numantia</h2><br>
<p>The final siege of Numantia began in the year 134 BC. Scipio Aemilianus, who was a Roman consul at that time, was in command of an army of 30,000 soldiers. His troops constructed a number of fortifications surrounding the city as they prepared for a long siege. Resistance was hopeless but the Numantians refused to surrender and famine quickly spread through the city. After eight months most of the inhabitants decided to commit suicide rather than become slaves. Only a few hundred of the inhabitants, exhausted and famished, surrendered to the victorious Roman legions.</p><br>
<h3>Numantian defence</h3><br>
<p>The Spanish expression Defensa numantina may be used to indicate any desperate, suicidal last ditch stand against invading forces.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>After the destruction, there are remains of occupation in the 1st century BC, with a regular street plan but without great public buildings.</p><br>
<p>Its decay starts in the 3rd century, but with Roman remains still from the 4th century.</p><br>
<p>Later remains from the 6th century hint of a Visigoth occupation.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation and conservation of Numantia</h2><br>
<p>Numantia&#39;s exact location vanished from memory, and some theories placed it in Zamora, but in 1860 Eduardo Saavedra identified the correct location in Garray, Soria. In 1882 the ruins of Numantia were declared a national monument.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 the German archaeologist Adolf Schulten began a series of excavations which located the Roman camps around the city. In 1999 the Roman camps were included in a zona arqueológica, a category of the Spanish heritage register which did not exist when the hillfort was first protected.</p><br>
<p>Regular excavations are still going on.</p><br>
<h3>Displays related to Numantia</h3><br>
<p>Many objects from the site are on display in the Numantine Museum of Soria (Spanish: Museo Numantino). This museum is also responsible for in situ displays at Numantia.</p><br>
<p>Other collections which have items from the site include the Romano-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz.</p><br>
<p>(Some objects were taken by Adolf Schulten to Germany).</p><br>
<h3>Development threat to the historic landscape</h3><br>
<p>The province of Soria is sparsely populated, and Numantia is mainly surrounded by land used for low intensity agriculture. However, the regional government of Castilla y Leon and the city of Soria have planned various construction projects which if completed would affect the landscape surrounding the site of Numantia.</p><br>
<p>The proposed developments in the vicinity of Numantia have met widespread opposition from a number of quarters, including the Instituto de España, the Real Academia de la Historia, the Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology, the Spanish Section of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and a number of Ancient History Departments in Spain. In 2008 a petition organised to have Numantia declared a World Heritage Site, in the hope that this would deter the local authorities from developing the area.</p><br>
<h4>City of the Environment</h4><br>
<p>In 2010 work began on a "City of the Environment" on an ecologically important site near the river Duero.</p><br>
<h4>Industrial Estate</h4><br>
<p>The most damaging proposal from a visual point of view is the plan to develop a new industrial zone (Polígono Industrial de Soria II). This industrial estate has been planned for El Cabezo, which is adjacent to Numantia and the Roman encampment (and would also affect part of the Romanesque site of Los Arcos de San Juan de Duero). There has been a legal appeal by the aristocratic Marichalar family against the expropriation of its land for this development.</p><br>
<h2>Symbolism</h2><br>
<p>The siege of Numantia was recorded by several Roman historians who admired the sense of freedom of the ancient Iberians and acknowledged their fighting skills against the Roman legions.</p><br>
<p>In Spanish culture, it has a meaning similar to that of Masada for Israelis.</p><br>
<p>Miguel de Cervantes (author of Don Quijote) wrote a play about the siege, El cerco de Numancia, which stands today as his best-known dramatic work.</p><br>
<p>Antonio Machado references the city in his poem Campos de Soria. The poem is an ode to the countryside and peoples of rural Castile.</p><br>
<p>More recently, Carlos Fuentes wrote a short story about the event, "The Two Numantias", in his collection The Orange Tree.</p><br>
<p>Several Spanish Navy ships have been named Numancia and a Sorian battalion was named batallón de numantinos. During the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalist Numancia regiment took the town of Azaña in Toledo.</p><br>
<p>To erase the memory of the Republican president Manuel Azaña, they renamed it Numancia de la Sagra.</p><br>
<p>The Sorian football team is called CD Numancia.</p><br>
<p>The expression "numantine resistance" is occasionally used to refer to particularly obdurate resistance.</p><br>
<p>Astakos  is a town and a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Xiromero, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 345.099 km. It is located on a bay on the eastern shore of the Ionian Sea, near the southern end of the Acarnanian Mountains. It takes its name from the ancient Acarnanian town Astacus , and was named Dragamesti in the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>It is 16 km southeast of Kalamos (island), 30 km southwest of Agrinio, 35 km northwest of Missolonghi and 55 km southeast of Preveza.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Astakos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agrampela</p><br>
<p>Astakos (Astakos, Valti)</p><br>
<p>Bampini</p><br>
<p>Karaiskakis</p><br>
<p>Machairas</p><br>
<p>Chrysovitsa</p><br>
<p>Palaiomanina</p><br>
<p>Prodromos</p><br>
<p>Skourtou</p><br>
<p>Strongylovouni (Strongylovouni, Manina Vlizianon)</p><br>
<p>Vasilopoulo</p><br>
<p>Vliziana</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The city has a port able to hold ferries. The countryside mainly produces wheat, corn and few grapes. Fishing is an important source of income.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Persons</h2><br>
<p>Leo Leandros (1926) singer and composer</p><br>
<p>Galeras  is an Andean stratovolcano in the Colombian department of Nariño, near the departmental capital Pasto. Its summit rises 4,276 m above sea level. It has erupted frequently since the Spanish conquest, with its first historical eruption being recorded on December 7, 1580. A 1993 eruption killed nine people, including six scientists who had descended into the volcano&#39;s crater to sample gases and take gravity measurements in an attempt to be able to predict future eruptions. It is currently the most active volcano in Colombia.</p><br>
<h2>Geological history</h2><br>
<p>Galeras has been an active volcano for at least a million years, with andesite as the dominant product. Two major caldera-forming eruptions have occurred, the first about 560,000 years ago in an eruption which expelled about 15 km3 of material. The second some time between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago, in a smaller but still sizable eruption of 2 km3 of material. Subsequently, part of the caldera wall has collapsed, possibly due to instabilities caused by hydrothermal activity, and later eruptions have built up a smaller cone inside the now horseshoe-shaped caldera.</p><br>
<p>In light of its violent eruptive history and proximity to the 450,000 people of Pasto, Galeras was designated a Decade Volcano in 1991, identifying it as a target for detailed study as part of the United Nations&#39; International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Galeras is considered the most active volcano in Colombia, followed by Nevado del Ruiz. Its earliest activity during the Holocene has been dated at 7050 BC ± 1000 years through radiocarbon dating. Other eruptions similar to this event include those in 3150 BC ± 200 years, 2580 BC ± 500 years, 1160 BC ± 300 years, 490 BC ± 100 years, and in 890 AD ± 200 years. Typically these eruptions consist of a central vent explosion, conducive to an explosive eruption causing pyroclastic flows and/or lahars. Eruptions in more recent times, which have been recorded consist of those in 1535, December 1580, July 1616, 1641, 1670, 1754, November 1796, June 1823, October 1828, 1834, October 1865, July 1889, 1891, December 1923, October 1924, October 1932, February 1936, July 1947, January 1950, 1974, February 1989, January 1990, January 1993, March 2000, June 2002, July 2004, November 2005, and October 2007. Reported incidents with no official proof occurred in 1836, 1930, 1933, and 1973.</p><br>
<h3>1993 eruption</h3><br>
<p>Galeras became active again in 1988 after 10 years of dormancy.</p><br>
<p>A Decade Volcano conference in the city of Pasto, in 1993, ended in disaster when several of the scientists present mounted an impromptu expedition on 14 January to the crater of Galeras. An eruption occurred unexpectedly while they were at the summit, resulting in the deaths of six scientists and three tourists.</p><br>
<p>Elements in the media made the event controversial by suggesting the expedition leader, geologist Stanley Williams, who survived along with four others, had ignored safety procedures. A prediction had been made three days before the eruption based on B-Type activity seen on a seismograph. Seismic B-types had been used successfully to predict eruptions on other volcanoes. However, the prediction was based simply on the one seismographic printout viewed in the light of previous history of Galeras, without any additional scientific measurements showing any serious activity within the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>21st-century activity</h2><br>
<p>Activity at a low level has continued at Galeras, with small explosions occasionally dusting nearby villages and towns with ash. The volcano has continued to be well-studied, and predictions of eruptions at the volcano have improved. One phenomenon, which seems to be a reliable precursor to eruptive activity, is a low-frequency seismic event known as a tornillo event. These have occurred before about four-fifths of the explosions at Galeras, and the number of tornillo events recorded before an eruption is also correlated with the size of the ensuing eruption.</p><br>
<p>More than 100 minor tremors were felt during a major eruption in April 2002, although no damage or injury was reported. An eruption in November 2005 forced an evacuation of the dangerous area surrounding the volcano, and about 9,400 people from nearby villages (most of them farmers) were ordered to leave. The city of Pasto, about 9 km from the volcano, was blanketed by a layer of ash after the volcanic explosion, forcing the residents to don goggles and face masks.</p><br>
<p>Numerous minor tremors and ash emissions since March 2006 culminated on 12 July 2006 in three explosive eruptions, producing an ash and gas column reaching an altitude of 8 km. Rock falls and pyroclastic flows were reported from towns as distant as Consacá, 11.4 km west of the main crater. The Colombian government has repeatedly ordered evacuations to temporary shelters, of more than 8500 people residing in the highest risk areas surrounding the volcano, with hopes of eventual assistance toward permanent relocation.</p><br>
<p>On January 17, 2008, the volcano erupted around 20:06 (local) (01:06 UTC). There were no immediate reports of injuries or serious property damage. Later the experts confirmed partial damage in the national and local TV towers.</p><br>
<p>Then, on February 14, 2009, the volcano erupted around 19:10 (local) (00:10 UTC). Some 8,000 residents were evacuated, and there were no immediate reports of injuries or serious property damage. As in 2005, the city of Pasto was blanketed by a layer of ash after the volcanic explosion (due to the direction of the wind). The local authorities ordered two water treatment plants near Galeras to shut down.</p><br>
<p>On March 13, 2009, Galeras erupted twice at around 15:55 and 17:00 (local time). Ash fell on Pasto and some other towns near the volcano, where an evacuation was ordered but reportedly ignored. No injuries or damage were reported.</p><br>
<h3>2010 eruption</h3><br>
<p>The volcano erupted on January 3, 2010, forcing the evacuation of 8,000 people. This is the 10th such eruption of the volcano in the past year, and the first of 2010. Colombian authorities also stated that it could remain volatile in the weeks to come.</p><br>
<p>Galeras erupted again on August 25, 2010 with an ash plume visible in the air. The eruption, which was described as non-explosive, caused authorities to raise an alert for neighbouring towns.</p><br>
<p>This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.</p><br>
<p>The Hen and Chicken Islands  lie to the east of the North Auckland Peninsula off the coast of northern New Zealand. They lie 12 km east of Bream Head and 40 km south-east of Whangarei.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>These islands were named by Captain James Cook, who first sighted them in 1769. It has been suggested that the name was inspired by an old name for the star cluster usually known as the Pleiades (and called Matariki by the Māori).</p><br>
<p>Originally owned by the Māori Ngā Puhi iwi, they were sold to the New Zealand Government in 1883. The islands were made a scenic reserve in 1908 owing to the rarity of their flora and fauna, and became a wildlife refuge in 1953. Hen Island had actually passed from Māori hands a few years earlier, being bought by Thomas Outhwaite in 1872. It was bequeathed to the nation by his daughter Isa Outhwaite in 1927, and it too was named as a scenic reserve.</p><br>
<p>In June 1940, the Mail Liner RMS Niagara sank off the islands after hitting a mine. Most of the cargo, which included gold bullion, was later salvaged.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The islands are noted for their bird life, with colonies of seabirds as well as forest birds which have become scarce or extinct on the mainland. The islands have been identified as an Important Bird Area, by BirdLife International because they are home to a breeding population of about 500 pairs of Pycroft&#39;s petrels.</p><br>
<h2>The islands</h2><br>
<p>Hen Island, or Taranga lies separate from the rest of the chain, lying 7 km to the southwest. It is also considerably larger than the Chicken Islands, or Marotiri, which comprise a chain of five small islands running north-west to south-east to the north of Hen Island. The chain consists of Wareware and Muriwhenua Islands (together forming North West Chicken), Mauitaha (West Chicken), Lady Alice Island (Big Chicken or Motu Muka), Whatupuke (Middle Chicken), and Coppermine Island (Eastern Chicken).</p><br>
<h3>Taranga (Hen) Island</h3><br>
<p>Taranga is the largest island by some considerable margin, totalling 4.7 km&sup2;. Long and thin, it has a length of 6 km and an average width of less than 1,000 m. A remnant of a four-million-year-old volcano, the island is dominated by a rocky ridge reaching to about 417 m at its highest point, called "The Pinnacles". Sail rock, a stack, rises from the ocean 3 km to the south of Hen Island and is a prominent navigational point for yachts.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1800s Hen Island was the only place in New Zealand with a surviving population of North Island saddleback. The once common species of forest bird found in the North Island, was decimated by the human introduction of mammalian predators, such as rats and stoats. In the 1960s translocations of saddleback from Hen Island to other island sanctuaries around New Zealand began.</p><br>
<h3>Muriwhenua and Wareware</h3><br>
<p>Two small rocky islands with a combined area of 3 hectare.</p><br>
<h3>Lady Alice Island</h3><br>
<p>Named after Lady Alice Fergusson (wife of Governor General Sir Charles Fergusson), it is the largest of the five Chickens and is of particular significance because of its flora and fauna. The island covers 1.4 km&sup2; and is surrounded by rocky reefs. It was occupied by Māori until the 1820s, and was used as a base for fishermen in the 1890s. Cattle were introduced at about this time, but were removed in the 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>Whatupuke</h3><br>
<p>Formerly known as Whakahau this island is composed of a large eastern section and a peninsula to the southwest. The coast of the peninsula forms one of the chain&#39;s main land features, a 300 m wide bay (Starfish Bay). The island covers 1 km&sup2, and is steep, rising to 234 m.</p><br>
<h3>Coppermine Island</h3><br>
<p>Coppermine island covers an area of 75 hectare. It is composed of two sections joined by a short isthmus. As the name suggests, there are copper deposits on the island, but attempts at mining them in 1849 and 1898 proved unprofitable.</p><br>
<h3>Mauitaha</h3><br>
<p>This 20 hectare, rugged, scrub-covered rock lies 1 km to the south of Muriwhenua. It rises to 125 m.</p><br>
<p>The New Zealand Department of Conservation and the Ngati Wai iwi have entered into partnership to set up a sanctuary for the Polynesian rat, or kiore, on the islands Mauitaha and Araara. A spokesman for Ngati Wai said the kiore heritage will be protected as the movement of the kiore through the Pacific paralleled the migration of the New Zealand Maori. A spokesman for the Department of Conservation said the Department&#39;s policy change from eradication would assist scientific research.</p><br>
<p>Mount Woodroffe is South Australia&#39;s highest peak, at 1,435 metres.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural significance</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is known to the Pitjantjatjara Indigenous Australians as Ngarutjaranya.</p><br>
<p>In Indigenous Australian mythology, the mountain embodies the mythological creature Ngintaka.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Woodroffe is located in the far northwest of South Australia, in the Musgrave Ranges. The mountain range rises some 700–800 metres from the surrounding plains and comprises massifs of granite and gneiss.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Ernest Giles was the first white man to pass through the area and camped to the south Woodroffe on September 7, 1873. William Christie Gosse named Mt Woodroffe from Ayers Rock/Uluru on July 20, 1873 and passed to the north of the mountain on October 27, 1873. Woodroffe was named after George Woodroffe Goyder, Surveyor-General of South Australia and an early Australian explorer.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s Mount Woodroffe was considered as a potential site for the proposed Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT). It lost out due to its remoteness compared to Siding Spring in New South Wales, where the AAT sits today amongst other astronomical observatories.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Access is limited as a permit is required to enter the Anangu Pitjantjatjara lands.</p><br>
<p>Sturgeon Lake is a lake in the Kawartha Lakes region of Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Trent-Severn Waterway. The lake is Y shaped and has the communities of Fenelon Falls, Lindsay, Sturgeon Point and Bobcaygeon at the north-west, south, central and north-east points of the Y respectively. The lake is approximately 25 km from the southern to the north-eastern extremes, the longer axis.</p><br>
<h2>Inflow and Outflow</h2><br>
<p>The Scugog River flows into the lake at the southern apex. Cameron Lake also flows into this lake, via the Fenelon River at the north-western extreme. Emily Creek empties into the lake at the middle south.</p><br>
<p>The lake outflow is through the Big Bob and Little Bob channels of the Bobcaygeon River at the north-east of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Game fish species include large and small mouth bass, muskie, and walleye.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
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<p>The Southern Carpathians (also known as the Transylvanian Alps; Carpații Meridionali are a group of mountain ranges located in southern Romania. They cover the part of the Carpathian Mountains located between the Prahova River in the east and the Timiș and Cerna Rivers in the west. To the south they are bounded by the Balkan mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Heights</h2><br>
<p>The Southern Carpathian are the second highest group of mountains in the Carpathian Mountain range (after Tatra), reaching heights of over 2,500 meters. Although considerably smaller than the Alps, they are classified as having an alpine landscape. Their high mountain character, combined with great accessibility, makes them popular with tourists and scientists.</p><br>
<p>The highest peaks are:</p><br>
<p>Moldoveanu Peak, 2,544 metres - Făgăraș Mountains</p><br>
<p>Negoiu, 2,535 metres - Făgăraș Mountains</p><br>
<p>Parângu Mare, 2,519 metres - Parâng Mountains</p><br>
<p>Peleaga, 2,509 metres - Retezat Mountains</p><br>
<p>Omu Peak 2,507 metres - Bucegi Mountains</p><br>
<p>Despite the heights, some of the most accessible passages in the Carpathians in Romania are along the rivers, which cross the mountain range (the Olt River) or form wide valleys (along the Prahova River Valley or along the Jiu River Valley).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The South Carpathians represent an intricate pile of tectonic nappes, overthrusted from west eastwards during the Austrian (Middle Cretaceous) and Laramian paroxysmal phases, corresponding to various plate fragments. The napes are (from west eastwards): the Supragetic, Getic, Severin and Danubian Units. The Getic Nappe was identified by Murgoci (1905), while the general understanding over the Alpine structure of the South Carpathians was later refined by Codarcea (1940), Codarcea et al. (1961), Năstăseanu et al. (1981), Săndulescu (1984), Săndulescu and Dimitrescu (2004), and Mutihac (1990). The first to apply the global tectonics concepts for the Romanian Carpathians were Rădulescu and Săndulescu (1973).</p><br>
<p>The Supragetic, Getic Nappes as well as the Danubian Units represent units with both a metamorphic basement and a sedimentary cover, while the Severin Nappe includes only a sedimentary sequence. The Getic Nappe and the Danubian Units sediments include a Palaeozoic sequence (Upper Carboniferous, Lower Permian) and a Mesozoic sequence (Lowermost Jurassic - Middle Cretaceous). The Supragetic Nappe comprises mainly metamorphosed rocks (gneisses, micashists), while the Severin Nappe includes only Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous sediments.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain ranges</h2><br>
<p>From east to west, four mountain groups can be identified, separated by different river valleys.</p><br>
<p>Bucegi Mountains group - between the Prahova and Dâmboviţa Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Bucegi Mountains (Munții Bucegi)</p><br>
<p>Piatra Craiului (literally: "Rock of the King")</p><br>
<p>Leaotă Mountains (Munții Leaotă)</p><br>
<p>Făgăraş Mountains group - between the Dâmbovița River and the Olt River.</p><br>
<p>Făgăraş Mountains (Munții Făgărașului)</p><br>
<p>Iezer Mountains (Munții Iezer; literally: "Mountains of the Deep Lake")</p><br>
<p>Cozia Mountains (Munții Cozia)</p><br>
<p>Parâng Mountains group - between the Olt River and the Jiu River.</p><br>
<p>Parâng Mountains (Munții Parâng)</p><br>
<p>Şureanu Mountains (Munții Șureanu/M. Sebeșului)</p><br>
<p>Cindrel Mountains (Munții Cindrel/M. Cibinului)</p><br>
<p>Lotru Mountains (Munții Lotrului; literally: "Mountains of the Thief")</p><br>
<p>Căpăţână Mountains (Munții Căpățânii; literally: "Mountains of the Skull")</p><br>
<p>Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group - between the Jiu River and the Timiș and Cerna Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Retezat Mountains (Munții Retezat; literally: "Hewed Mountains")</p><br>
<p>Godeanu Mountains (Munții Godeanu)</p><br>
<p>Vâlcan Mountains (Munții Vâlcan)</p><br>
<p>Mehedinţi Mountains (Munții Mehendinți)</p><br>
<p>Cerna Mountains (Munții Cernei)</p><br>
<p>Ţarcu Mountains (Munții Țarcu; literally: "Pen Mountains").</p><br>
<p>The first two groups are steepest on the North side, and the last two are steepest on the South side.</p><br>
<p>The Min River or Min Jiang  is a 735 km in central Sichuan province, China. It is a tributary of the upper Yangtze River which it joins at Yibin. Within China, it was traditionally taken as the main course of the upper Yangtze prior to extensive exploration of its sources.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Min River flows in the general southern direction. It starts in north-central Sichuan, where its basin is limited by the Qionglai Mountains in the west and the Min Mountains in the east. The river passes through the Longmen Range and enters the plains of the Sichuan Basin near Dujiangyan City; in that area, the ancient Dujiangyan Irrigation System (都江堰) and the modern Zipingpu dam are located. The Giant Buddha of Leshan is built into the stone banks of the Min.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>Some 19th-century Western authors used the name Blue River as the "colloquial name" for the Minjiang, after the former local Chinese name Qingshui (清水, "Clear Water"). and the belief that the Min constituted the main course of the Yangtze, which was itself known to Europeans as the "Blue River".</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>A survey by biologist Deng Qixiang found that only 16 of the 40 fish species recorded in the 1950s are to be found today. The Sichuan Taimen, a protected species, has not been seen in one stretch of river, the Wenchuan, for an entire decade.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located along the Min River is the oldest surviving water management scheme built by hydraulic engineer Li Bing, helping to greatly expand the power of the Qin state, and triggering a population boom in the Chengdu plain. It was built about 2,300 years ago. The first western academic to research its history was Joseph Needham. It is named the Dujiangyan Irrigation System.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>The Min is being heavily developed, primarily for hydroelectric power. A total of 27 dams are completed, under construction or planned for the river, as of March 2014. Those dams are listed below from downstream to upstream.</p><br>
<p>Pianchuangzi Dam – Completed, 740 MW</p><br>
<p>Longxikou Dam – Planned, 360 MW</p><br>
<p>Jianwei Dam – Planned, 360 MW</p><br>
<p>Shazui Dam – Planned, 250 MW</p><br>
<p>Banqiaoxi Dam – Planned, 30 MW</p><br>
<p>Yangliuhu Dam – Planned, 76.5 MW</p><br>
<p>Zipingpu Dam – Completed, 760 MW</p><br>
<p>Yingxiuwan Dam – Completed, 135 MW</p><br>
<p>Taipingyi Dam – Completed, 260 MW</p><br>
<p>Futangba Dam – Completed, 360 MW</p><br>
<p>Shaba Dam – Under construction, 720 MW</p><br>
<p>Jiangsheba Dam – Completed, 96 MW</p><br>
<p>Yangmaoping Dam – Planned, 3.4 MW</p><br>
<p>Tongzhong Dam – Completed, 49.5 MW</p><br>
<p>Nanxin Dam – Completed, 9.6 MW</p><br>
<p>Shigu Dam – Completed, 2.7 MW</p><br>
<p>Zongqu Dam – Planned, 2 MW</p><br>
<p>Yaneryan Dam – Planned, 66 MW</p><br>
<p>Feihongqiao Dam – Planned, 120 MW</p><br>
<p>Jinlongtan Dam – Completed, 180 MW</p><br>
<p>Tianlonghu Dam – Completed, 180 MW</p><br>
<p>Xiaohaizi Dam – Completed, 48 MW</p><br>
<p>Lianhuayan Dam – Planned, 111 MW</p><br>
<p>Wulibao Dam – Planned, 157 MW</p><br>
<p>Longpan Dam – Planned, 72.6 MW</p><br>
<p>Xiningguan Dam – Planned, 37.2 MW</p><br>
<p>Hongqiaoguan Dam – Planned, 68.5 MW</p><br>
<p>The Inland Sea, sometimes called Qawra in Maltese and also known as Dwejra, is a lagoon of seawater on the island of Gozo linked to the Mediterranean Sea through an opening formed by a narrow natural arch.</p><br>
<p>It was probably formed where a geological fault in the limestone had created a sea cave and the roof then collapsed.</p><br>
<p>On one side there is a gently shelving stony beach with several fishermen&#39;s huts. The boats are often pulled up on to the stony beach. The bottom of the lagoon is also mostly pebbles and rocks and is fairly shallow. As you exit through the tunnel towards open sea, the floor drops away in a series of shelves to a depth of up to 35 metres on the outside. Jacques Cousteau said the Inland Sea was among his top ten dives.</p><br>
<p>On calm days fishing boats, known in Maltese as luzzijiet, can pass through the tunnel. Some of the boats are used to take visitors through the archway and then for a tour of the nearby cliffs and other sites, mainly to the Fungus Rock and to the site of the previous large natural arch in the cliffs called the Azure Window.</p><br>
<p>Etajima, also called, Nomijima, Nomi Island, or is an island in Hiroshima Bay located in southwestern Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The mess with island name originates from the ancient  strait at now town Ōgaki-chō Hitonose.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is roughly Y-shaped, with the former Nōmi occupying center, the Okimi - north-western branch, Etajima - north-eastern branch, and Ōgaki - the southern branch. The island`s highest peak, mount 宇根山 542 m high, is located on the western edge of Nōmi town.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Since 1973, the island is connected to the Japanese mainland of Honshu by the bridge passing through the Kurahashi-jima island. The island is served by the national route 487. Also, ferries are available from the cities of Hiroshima and Kure on Honshu island and Matsuyama on Shikoku island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Imperial Japanese Naval Academy was moved to Etajima Island in 1888. While the academy still exists under the name Naval Academy Etajima, modern Etajima focuses rather on olive cultivation and fish hatcheries in Etajima Bay north of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Cecil Bullock, Etajima: the Dartmouth of Japan (London, 1942)</p><br>
<p>Nuuanu Pali is a section of the windward cliff  of the Koolau mountain located at the head of Nuuanu Valley on the island of Oahu. It has a panoramic view of the windward  coast of Oahu. The Pali Highway  connecting Kailua/Kāneohe with downtown Honolulu runs through the Nuuanu Pali Tunnels bored into the cliffside.</p><br>
<p>The area is also the location of the Nuuanu Freshwater Fish Refuge and the Nuuanu Reservoir in the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>The Nuuanu Pali State Wayside is a lookout above the tunnels where there is a panoramic view of the Oahu&#39;s windward side with views of Kāneohe, Kāneohe Bay, and Kailua. It is also well known for strong trade winds that blow through the pass (now bypassed by the Nuuanu Pali Tunnels).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nuuanu Pali has been a vital pass from ancient times to the present because it is a low, traversable section of the Koolau mountain range that connects the leeward side of the mountains, Honolulu to the windward side, Kailua and Kāneohe. The route drew settlers who formed villages in the area and populated Nuuanu Valley for a thousand years.</p><br>
<p>The Nuuanu Pali was the site of the Battle of Nuuanu, one of the bloodiest battles in Hawaiian history, in which Kamehameha I conquered the island of Oahu, bringing it under his rule. In 1795 Kamehameha I sailed from his home island of Hawaii with an army of 10,000 warriors, including a handful of non-Hawaiian foreigners. After conquering the islands of Maui and Molokai, he moved on to Oahu. The pivotal battle for the island occurred in Nuuanu Valley, where the defenders of Oahu, led by Kalanikūpule, were driven back up into the valley where they were trapped above the cliff. More than 400 of Kalanikūpule&#39;s soldiers were driven off the edge of the 1,000-foot cliff to their deaths.</p><br>
<p>In 1845 the first road was built over the Nuuanu Pali, to connect Windward Oahu with Honolulu. In 1898, as this road was developed into a highway, workers found 800 human skulls—believed to be the remains of the warriors who fell to their deaths from the cliff above. This road was later replaced by the Pali Highway and the Nuuanu Pali Tunnels in 1959, which is the route used today.</p><br>
<p>The now extinct bird, the Oahu nukupuu, was last collected in this valley.</p><br>
<h2>Nuuanu Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>The Nuuanu Reservoir is located up the Nuuanu Pali heading towards Kailua, in the valley jungle. This small body of water holds various species of catfish, and peacock bass. In efforts towards preserving the reservoir, appointments must be made half a year prior to the visiting date. This ensures a controlled number of residents that fish out of the waters, preventing overfishing. A fresh water game fishing license and an entry fishing card are required to fish there. There is a two fish per license limit, and any catfish that is 16 inches or larger must be kept.</p><br>
<h2>Nuuanu Trail</h2><br>
<p>The trail to Nuuanu began at Kalanikahua and led north of Kaumakapili Church to below the stream which flowed out of Kamanuwai pond. There the trail turned slightly to the right, went along the edge of the pond, and down into the water. Then, coming up on the bank onto Waiakemi, it led on to Waakekupua, along the bank of the taro patches, to the Pauoa stream, up to Pualoalo, and on to the gap at Nuuanu Pali.</p><br>
<h2>Superstition</h2><br>
<p>Two large stones near the back of Nuuanu Valley, Hapuu and Ka-lae-hau-ola, were said to represent a pair of goddesses who were guardians of the passage down the pali. Travellers would leave offerings of flowers or kapa (bark cloth) to ensure a safe trip, and parents buried the umbilical cords of newborns under the stones as a protection against evil.</p><br>
<p>It is said there is a moo wahine (lizard woman) who lingers around the pass. A moo wahine is mythical creature who takes the form of a beautiful woman and leads male travelers to their deaths off the cliff. She is similar to a western poltergeist or mermaid.</p><br>
<p>Hawaiian folklore holds that people should never carry pork over Nuuanu Pali, especially at night. Pele (a more powerful and influential goddess than the moo wahine) was said to be responsible for this to prevent the passage of pork over the Pali. It was said Pele, the volcano goddess, was responsible for preventing passage due to her contest with Kamapua&#39;a, a half human, half hog god, and would not allow him (in the form of pork) to trespass on her side of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>"Pali Gap" (Nu&#39;uanu Pali into English) is the title of a track from the posthumous 1971 album Rainbow Bridge by the guitarist Jimi Hendrix.</p><br>
<p>The Pali, together with surrounding areas such as Tantalus Crater, is the main setting in the novel Micro by Michael Crichton and Richard Preston.</p><br>
<p>The 2015 movie Pali Road is named for the old road over the Pali, although most of the action takes place elsewhere on Oahu.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>Queen Emma&#39;s summer palace</p><br>
<p>The summer palace of Kamehameha III</p><br>
<p>Pali Highway</p><br>
<p>Pali tunnels</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Gerlachovský štít , unofficially referred to as Gerlach, is the highest peak in the High Tatras, in Slovakia, and in the whole 1,500 km long Carpathian mountain chain.</p><br>
<p>Usually listed at 2,655 metres AMSL (8,711 ft), its exact elevation is actually 0.6 m lower. The pyramidal shape of the massif is marked by a huge cirque. Despite its relatively low elevation, the about 2,000 m vertical rise from the valley floor makes Gerlachovský štít soar. Mistaken for an average mountain in the rugged High Tatras range in the more distant past, it has since played a symbolic role in the eyes of the rulers and populations of several Central European nations, to the point that between the 19th and mid-20th century, it had four different names with six name reversals. It managed to be the highest mountain of the Kingdom of Hungary, and of the countries of Czechoslovakia and Slovakia within the span of only about two decades of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Gerlachovský štít shares its geology and ecology with the rest of the High Tatras, but provides a worthwhile environment for biologists as the highest ground anywhere in Europe north of the parallel linking approximately Munich, Salzburg, and Vienna. With the travel restrictions imposed by the Eastern Bloc, the mountain was particularly treasured as the loftiest point available to climb to by Czechs, East Germans, Hungarians, Poles, and Slovaks. It continues to attract its share of visitors although the local authorities have been continually adding new restrictions on access.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<h3>Present</h3><br>
<p>Gerlachovský štít means the "Peak (of the village) of Gerlachov". The Slovak colloquial (unofficial) name is Gerlach. The Polish official names are Gerlach or Gierlach, while its Polish colloquial names are Girlach and Garłuch. The name of the village of Gerlachov itself is of German origin, because the Spiš region around the High Tatra Mountains in Slovakia used to be inhabited by German settlers for several centuries.</p><br>
<h3>Past</h3><br>
<p>The peaks earliest recorded name was the Szepes-German Kösselberg (Cauldron Mountain) on a map from 1762. The Slovak name of the mountain was first recorded as Kotol, also meaning "Cauldron", in 1821. Both names referred to the peaks characteristic cauldron-like cirque.</p><br>
<p>The name that became common in travel books and other literature in the 19th century, however, is its current name, linking the mountain to the village of Gerlachov at its foot. It echoed the oldest known undifferentiated reference to the peaks on or near Gerlachov&#39;s municipal lands, Gerlachfalvenses montes (Latin with Hungarian elements for the "Gerlachov Village Mountains"), in a drawing of the High Tatras from 1717. It also paralleled the name Gerlsdorfer Spitze (Gerlachov Peak) used by the first person to identify it as the highest peak in the Tatras in 1838 (see below), which was rendered as gerlachovský chochol (Gerlach crest) in a Slovak version of his report in 1851. Several other mountains in the High Tatras have acquired their names from villages in the foothills.</p><br>
<p>Once it was determined that the mountain was the highest point in the region, the succession of the authorities that held control over it took an interest in its name and changed it periodically for symbolic reasons. In 1896, as part of Austria-Hungary, the highest peak of the Carpathians received its first government-sponsored name − after the contemporary head of state Emperor Francis Joseph I. The new Czechoslovak government changed the name to Štít legionárov (Legionnaires Peak) in honor of the Czechoslovak Legions in 1923, but the name was dropped in favor of the earlier Gerlachovský štít in 1932. As a result of the Communist coup d&#39;état in 1948, the mountain was renamed once more − to Stalinov štít (Stalin Peak) in 1949. Its traditional name Gerlachovský štít was restored yet again a decade later and has remained unchanged through the present.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gerlachovský štít was not always considered the highest mountain in the Tatras. After the first official measurement of peaks in the Tatras during the period of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th century, Kriváň (2,494 m) was considered the highest. Other candidate peaks for the status of the highest mountain at that time were Lomnický štít (2,633 m) and Ľadový štít (2,627 m). The first person to accurately name Gerlachovský štít as the highest peak was the forester Ľudovít (Ludwig) Greiner in 1838. Greiner&#39;s measurement was formally confirmed by an Austrian Army survey party in 1868. However, it was generally accepted only after the Vienna Military Institute for Geography issued a new, authoritative collection of maps of Central Europe in ca. 1875.</p><br>
<p>The first confirmed ascent was made by Ján (Johann) Still from the village of Nová Lesná in 1834. In 1880, the routes through the Velická próba (Velická Challenge) and Batizovská próba (Batizovská Challenge) were secured by chains.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Only members of a national UIAA club are allowed to climb the peak on their own. Other visitors have to take a certified mountain guide. The two easiest routes, usually up the Velická próba and down the Batizovská próba named after their respective valleys, are protected by chains. Because of an exposed section along the Velická próba and tricky orientation especially on the ridge, both are among the more difficult scrambling routes in the High Tatras, although it&#39;s rather climbing, since there are many moments when one must rely on ones hands to hold ones bodyweight. With no snow, guidebooks grade the routes as a II or III climb (UIAA scale) or lower. The total elevation gain is about 1,000 m for those who spend the night at the Sliezsky Dom Hotel or are driven there by a mountain guide, and about 1,665 m for those who hike from Tatranská Polianka. In winter, Gerlachovský štít offers a challenging alpine climb, with mixed climbing and a risk of avalanches.</p><br>
<p>The unmarked trailhead is on the green-marked trail leading up Velická Valley near the southern edge of the first plateau (Kvetnica) above the Sliezsky Dom. The equally unmarked, indistinct route to Gerlach veers off north-west towards the mountain&#39;s eastern slopes at the elevation of ca. 1,815 m, but occasional cairns begin to appear farther on. The fastest and easiest descent is down the Batizovská próba. Mountain guides always follow the route in the east-west direction, ascending from Velická Valley and descending into Batizovská Valley, in order to reduce logjams.</p><br>
<p>Two most popular multi-pitch routes for technical climbing are on the eastern and south-western walls. Both are exceptionally long and situated on solid granite walls. The best season for climbing is mid September to mid October or until the snow falls. Another good season lasts from late June to early August.</p><br>
<p>The route to Gerlachovský štít falls under the Tatra National Park ordinance, according to which hikers who depart from marked trails may be subject to fines unless they are UIAA members, or are led by an IFMGA-certified mountain guide. Camping is subject to similar restrictions. Rangers and some mountain guides are authorized to collect fines on the spot. Cairns that hikers build to mark the trailhead are periodically taken apart.</p><br>
<h2>Conditions at the summit</h2><br>
<h3>Human response</h3><br>
<p>Although authors estimate that at least some of the manifestations of altitude sickness may appear at elevations as low as 1,500 – it has not been reported in the Tatras. Low air pressure begins to have marginal but detectable effects at the summit (2,654.4 m). Water boils at about 91.5 &deg;C and arterial oxygen saturation is about 8% lower than at most visitors&#39; places of residence, but it is difficult to distinguish slight oxygen deprivation at the summit from fatigue caused by the exertion required to reach it. Authors speak of possible minimal sensory impairment above 1,500 m. Unlike fitness, age in itself is not a determinant factor in reaching the highest point in the Tatras. The famed Tatra guide Ján Počúvaj took clients to the summit of Gerlach until the age of 76.</p><br>
<h3>View</h3><br>
<p>Like a 19th-century comment in a British guidebook, "impressive and picturesque", modern hikers usually appreciate the panoramic view of the highest and many other peaks in the High Tatras, from Kriváň in the west to Široká in the north and Lomnický štít in the east. Farther on, but often visible, are the eastern Low Tatras in the south and part of the Belianske Tatras in the east. Better than usual visibility, a rare occurrence except in the fall and winter, is needed to see the Stolické vrchy, Volovské vrchy, the Slovak Paradise region, and Branisko. Quite exceptionally, visibility may extend to the Austrian Alps and the Polish–Czech Giant Mountains hundreds of miles away.</p><br>
<p>Hikers&#39; reported enjoyment of the view is at least partly attributable to their awareness that they are at the highest point in all of northern and central Europe (Visegrád countries). Visibility is merely 10 km or less on most summer afternoons because of the amount of water vapor in the air or because of cloudiness (fog). Days with afternoon visibility of 50 km or more are common only later in the fall and in winter. The view is partly blocked by the long ridge of Končistá in the west, areas near the mountain towards the south and north are obscured by the Gerlach massif itself. Several other summits in the High Tatras, including some with marked trails, offer views with precipitous drops, varied scenery, and wide vistas.</p><br>
<h3>Weather</h3><br>
<p>The effects of high-altitude weather on those who ascend Gerlachovský štít may be more pronounced than its altitude alone. The temperature gradient between the Tatra mountain resorts (900 -) and the summit can be steep. Low air temperature higher up can be masked by high insolation under clear skies, but will take its effect with increased cloud cover. Combined with windy conditions, the impact may be considerably detrimental even without rain or snow. The summit disappears in the clouds for periods of time on most days, which translates to fog at that elevation and possible disorientation as well as anxiety.</p><br>
<p>While temperatures are somewhat lower on Gerlachovský štít because of its elevation, the weather and its potential impact on visitors is little different from other summits in the High Tatras both with and without marked trails. The typical daily weather pattern in the summer is a clear morning, clouds gathering by mid-morning—noon, occasional showers and storms in the afternoon. The chance of rain is lowest between 9–10 am and peaks between 2–3 pm, with a drop-off after 6 pm. The frequency of storms with lightning (as opposed to rainstorms) on Gerlach&#39;s summit and on the other highest ridges is little different from lower elevations, too, but people exposed to wind, (sometimes freezing) rain, and lightning have greater difficulty to cope. The nearest shelter for those who ascend Gerlach is the Sliezsky Dom Hotel, there are no natural shelters along the route.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The National Museum of Women in the Arts , located in Washington, D.C., is "the only major museum in the world solely dedicated" to celebrating women’s achievements in the visual, performing, and literary arts. NMWA was incorporated in 1981 by Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay. Since opening its doors in 1987, the museum has acquired a collection of more than 4,500 paintings, sculptures, works on paper, and decorative art. Highlights of the collection include works by Mary Cassatt, Frida Kahlo, and Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Le Brun. The museum occupies the old Masonic Temple, a building listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The museum was founded to reform traditional histories of art. It is dedicated to discovering and making known women artists who have been overlooked or unacknowledged, and assuring the place of women in contemporary art. The museum’s founder, Wilhelmina Cole Holladay, and her husband Wallace F. Holladay began collecting art in the 1960s, just as scholars were beginning to discuss the under-representation of women in museum collections and major art exhibitions. Impressed by a 17th-century Flemish still life painting by Clara Peeters that they saw in Europe, they sought out information on Peeters and found that the definitive art history texts referenced neither her nor any other woman artist. They became committed to collecting artwork by women and eventually to creating a museum and research center.</p><br>
<p>The National Museum of Women in the Arts was incorporated in December 1981 as a private, non-profit museum, and the Holladay donation became the core of the institution’s permanent collection. After purchasing and extensively renovating a former Masonic Temple, NMWA opened in April 1987 with the inaugural exhibition American Women Artists, 1830–1930. To underscore its commitment to increasing the attention given to women in all disciplines, NMWA commissioned Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Ellen Taaffe Zwilich to write Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra inspired by five paintings from the permanent collection, for an opening concert. In November 1997, the Elisabeth A. Kasser Wing was opened, adding two new galleries, a larger museum shop, and a reception room. Currently, Director Susan Fisher Sterling heads a staff of more than 30 people.</p><br>
<h3>Building</h3><br>
<p>In 1983, NMWA purchased a landmark 78,810 ft&sup2; former Masonic temple in the Renaissance Revival style to house its works. After extensive renovations that included the addition of the two dramatic marble stairways linking the first floor and mezzanine, the museum opened to the public on April 7, 1987. The Elizabeth A. Kasser Wing opened November 8, 1997 making the entire facility 84,110 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h3>Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</h3><br>
<p>Wilhelmina Cole Holladay is the founder and chair of the Board of the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Since her discovery that women artists have historically been omitted from collegiate art history texts, Wilhelmina Cole Holladay has made it her mission to bring to the forefront the accomplishments of women through collecting, exhibiting and researching women artists of all nationalities and time periods.</p><br>
<p>Holladay created individual committees of over 1,000 volunteers from 27 states and 7 countries, to give educational opportunities to children through collaborations with schools and other community groups (e.g. Girl Scouts of the USA), as well as provided opportunities for adults to participate and encourage art in local communities across the globe.</p><br>
<p>Wilhelmina Cole Holladays interest in art was sparked as a student at Elmira College in New York, where she studied art history, followed by graduate work at the University of Paris. She is listed in Whos Who of American Women, Whos Who in American Art, Whos Who in the World, and she holds many honorary degrees and achievement awards for her work in the arts community. In 2006 she received the National Medal of Arts from the United States and the Légion d&#39;honneur from the French government. In 2007 Holladay received the Gold Medal for the Arts from the National Arts Club in New York City.</p><br>
<h3>New York Avenue Sculpture Project</h3><br>
<p>By 2015, a selection of sculptures will be installed along New York Avenue from 13th Street to 9th Street, in the heart of Mount Vernon Square. The museums efforts are in part to bring "character" to an area where "there is a lot of good stuff going on," due to revitalization programs in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Niki de Saint Phalles works, four in total, were the first in a series of installations. The museums installation of de Saint Phalles iconic pop art works are meant to be contrasting to the traditional sculpture that graces the streets and squares of Washington. All five major median strips will eventually be made into "sculpture islands," as described by National Museum of Women in the Art&#39;s director Susan Fisher Sterling. Another inspiration for the project comes from the lack of innovative contemporary art in Washington, encouraging the evolution of an area that is in need of becoming hip and vibrant. The second artist to be featured, whose works are on display March 8, 2012–March 9, 2014, was Chakaia Booker.</p><br>
<p>The project has been sponsored by Medda Gudelsky, the D.C. Downtown B.I.D., the Philip L. Graham Fund, the Homer and Martha Gudelsky Family Foundation, members of the museum, the D.C. Department of Transportation, among others.</p><br>
<p>These works will remain up for one year, before being returned to the artists foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>The collection currently contains more than 4,500 works in a variety of styles and media, spanning from the 16th century to present day. Among the earliest works is Lavinia Fontana’s Portrait of a Noblewoman, ca. 1580. There are also a number of special collections, including 18th century botanical prints, works by British and Irish women silversmiths from the 17th–19th centuries, and more than 1,000 unique and limited edition artists’ books.</p><br>
<p>Nearly 1,000 artists are represented, including Magdalena Abakanowicz, Lynda Benglis, Rosa Bonheur, Chakaia Booker, Louise Bourgeois, Lola Alvarez Bravo, Rosalba Carriera, Mary Cassatt, Elizabeth Catlett, Judy Chicago, Camille Claudel, Louisa Courtauld, Petah Coyne, Louise Dahl-Wolfe, Elaine de Kooning, Lesley Dill, Helen Frankenthaler, Sonia Gechtoff, Marguerite Gérard, Nan Goldin, Nancy Graves, Grace Hartigan, Frida Kahlo, Angelica Kauffman, Käthe Kollwitz, Lee Krasner, Justine Kurland, Bettye Lane, Marie Laurencin, Hung Liu, Judith Leyster, Maria Martinez, Maria Sibylla Merian, Joan Mitchell, Gabriele Münter, Elizabeth Murray, Alice Neel, Louise Nevelson, Sarah Miriam Peale, Clara Peeters, Lilla Cabot Perry, Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, Rachel Ruysch, Elisabetta Sirani, Joan Snyder, Lilly Martin Spencer, Alma Thomas, Suzanne Valadon, and Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun.</p><br>
<h2>Betty Boyd Dettre Library and Research Center</h2><br>
<p>The Betty Boyd Dettre Library and Research Center (LRC) provides researchers with information about women visual artists from all time periods and nationalities. It is open to scholars, students, researchers, curators, museum professionals, and the general public. The LRC collection includes 18,500 volumes of books and exhibition catalogues, 50 periodical titles, and research files on 18,000 individual women artists. These files include resumes, correspondence, reproductions, articles, and other ephemeral materials. The Arts and Entertainment Network Media Library holds approximately 500 videos, DVDs, audio tapes, and other audiovisual materials, including examples of video art, interviews with women artists, documentaries, and films directed by women.</p><br>
<p>Also available to researchers are The Nelleke Nix and Marianne Huber Collection: The Frida Kahlo Papers consists of more than 360 unpublished letters, postcards, notes, clippings, printed matter, and drawings relating to the artist’s life and work.</p><br>
<p>In spring 2007, the LRC launched "Clara: Database of Women Artists," a user-friendly searchable interface for biographic information on close to 18,000 historic and contemporary women artists from around the world. Since integrated within the NMWA web site, Clara has been decommissioned and is in the process of being moved.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibitions</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 1987 with American Women Artists, 1830–1930, NMWA has presented more than 200 exhibitions. A selection of the most prominent exhibitions includes:</p><br>
<p>Loïs Mailou Jones: A Life in Vibrant Color (Oct. 9, 2010–Jan. 9, 2011)</p><br>
<p>Royalists to Romantics: Women Artists from the Louvre, Versailles, and Other French National Collections (Feb. 24–Jul. 29 2012)</p><br>
<p>An Imperial Collection: Women Artists from the State Hermitage Museum (Feb. 14, 2003–June 18, 2003)</p><br>
<p>Women Who Rock: Vision, Passion, Power (Sep. 7, 2012–Jan. 6, 2013)</p><br>
<p>Places of Their Own: Emily Carr, Georgia O&#39;Keeffe, and Frida Kahlo (Feb. 8, 2002–May 12, 2002)</p><br>
<p>The Magic of Remedios Varo (Feb. 10, 2000-May 29, 2000)</p><br>
<p>Julie Taymor: Playing With Fire (Nov. 16, 2000–Feb. 4, 2001)</p><br>
<p>WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution (Sep. 21, 2007–Dec. 16, 2007)</p><br>
<p>Dreaming Their Way: Australian Aboriginal Women (Jun. 30, 2006–Sep. 24, 2006)</p><br>
<h2>Public programs</h2><br>
<p>NMWA hosts educational programs for all age groups to teach the public about the artistic accomplishments of women. Programs include monthly Community Days with free museum admission, and Role Model Workshops that connect teenagers with accomplished women working in the art world. Member days include curator- and artist-led tours. The Education Department is also involved in various outreach programs to area educators. For example, the 2010 "Teachers Connect" program was designed around the promotion of NMWA&#39;s Art, Books, and Creativity curriculum.</p><br>
<p>The free Shenson Chamber Music Concerts support the museum’s mission of recognizing women in all areas of the arts by featuring woman musicians throughout the year. Past performers include the Ahn Trio, Arianna and Eugenia Zuckerman, Ingrid Fliter, Sharon Ibsin and Rachel Barton Pine. NMWA’s literary programs showcase women writers by bringing in authors such as Susan Vreeland, Lisa See, Maxine Hong Kingston, Naomi Shihab Nye, Joyce Carol Oates, and Mireille Guiliano. In addition, NMWA has offered film screenings of works by respected women directors and screenwriters including Maya Angelou, Barbara Hammer, Cheryl Dunye, Eva López Sánchez, Miranda July, Bette Gordon, and Julie Taymor.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>The museum is located at 1250 New York Avenue and H Street N.W. The closest Washington Metro stations are Metro Center or McPherson Square stations. The museum is open Monday–Saturday 10 a.m.–5 p.m. and Sundays noon–5 p.m. Admission is $10 for adults, $8 for students and visitors 65 and over, and free for members and visitors 18 and under. Admission is free to all on the first Sunday of every month. The NMWA Museum Shop is open the same hours at the Museum.</p><br>
<p>Cape Cod Bay is a large bay of the Atlantic Ocean adjacent to the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Measuring 604 square miles below a line drawn from Brant Rock in Marshfield to Race Point in Provincetown, Massachusetts, it is enclosed by Cape Cod to the south and east, and Plymouth County, Massachusetts, to the west. To the north of Cape Cod Bay lie Massachusetts Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Cape Cod Bay is the southernmost extremity of the Gulf of Maine. Cape Cod Bay is one of the bays adjacent to Massachusetts that give it the name Bay State. The others are Narragansett Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Massachusetts Bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1524 the great Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to discover Cape Cod Bay, his claim proved by a map of 1529 which clearly outlined Cape Cod. In 1620, the Pilgrims first sheltered in Provincetown Harbor where they signed the Mayflower Compact, the first democratic document signed in the New World.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Most of Cape Cod is composed of glacially derived rocks, sands, and gravels. The last glacial period ended about 12,000 years ago. During the end of the last glaciation, Cape Cod Bay was probably a large freshwater lake with drainages across Cape Cod in places like Bass River and Orleans Harbor. The Provincetown Spit, i.e., the land north of High Head in North Truro, was formed by marine deposits over the last 5,000-8,000 years. These deposits created Provincetown Harbor, a large, bowl-shaped section of Cape Cod Bay. Generally, currents in the Bay move in a counter-clockwise fashion, moving south from Boston, to Plymouth then east and then north to Provincetown.</p><br>
<p>Since 1914, Cape Cod Bay has been connected to Buzzards Bay by the Cape Cod Canal, which divides the upper cape towns of Bourne and Sandwich.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The sea life of the bay is quite varied and healthy. Fish such as Flounder, Blue-Finned Tuna, Sand Eel and Striped Bass all call the bay home. Sea mammals are also quite common in Cape Cod Bay such as seals, dolphins and whales.</p><br>
<p>The Pilgrims shot at a whale unsuccessfully while they were anchored in Provincetown Harbor in 1620.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Cape Cod Bay draws a lot of attention during fishing season with popular deep-sea charter boats, private boat fishing, fly fishing & whale watching. Fisherman typically fish off the coast of the South Shore (Massachusetts) and inner cape for fish such as Blue Fish, Cod, Flounder, Striped Bass, Bonito, Tuna, Mackerel, Pollock, Haddock, and even Sharks.</p><br>
<p>Fishing season typically takes place between May and October. Although plenty of fisherman prefer to fish from shore rather than a boat, Massachusetts requires a Recreational Saltwater Fishing Permit for anyone 16 years of age or older.</p><br>
<p>Many coastal towns have fishing piers, and boat charters that provide daily trips into Cape Cod Bay to catch fish. The most popular bait used is sea clams.</p><br>
<h2>View</h2><br>
<p>Unity Temple is a Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois, and the home of the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation. It was designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and built between 1905 and 1908. Unity Temple is considered to be one of Wright&#39;s most important structures dating from the first decade of the twentieth century. Because of its consolidation of aesthetic intent and structure through use of a single material, reinforced concrete, Unity Temple is considered by many architects to be the first modern building in the world. This idea became of central importance to the modern architects who followed Wright, such as Mies Van Der Rohe, and even the post-modernists, such as Frank Gehry.</p><br>
<p>Unity Temple is located at 875 Lake Street, Oak Park Illinois. (The Unitarian Universalist congregation that owns and worships in Unity Temple was formed in 1871, and has no connection with Unity Church, a religious organization founded in 1889.)</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In 1905, after the original Unity Church burned down, the Universalist congregation of Oak Park, Illinois turned to architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design them a new structure. The result was Unity Temple. Wright was not only living in Oak Park, but also came from a family of Unitarians - which faith then had many beliefs in common with Universalism. The congregation needed a space of worship, as well as a community room. There were several immediate problems that the architect had to work with in order to satisfy the client. The budget for the Universalist congregation was rather small for its needs ($40,000 US dollars), and the proposed building site was long, but not very wide. Additionally, the building site stood on a busy street. And finally, the architect was expected to design not only the structure, but also furniture and stained glass for the building. Charles E. Roberts, an engineer, inventor and an important early client of Frank Lloyd Wright, served on the churchs building committee and was a key figure in seeing that Wrights vision for the church became a reality. For Roberts, Wright also remodeled Roberts&#39; home and the Charles E. Roberts Stable.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>To accommodate the needs of the congregation, Wright divided the community space from the temple space through a low, middle loggia that could be approached from either side. This was an efficient use of space and kept down on noise between the two main gathering areas: those coming for religious services would be separated via the loggia from those coming for community events. The plan of the design looks back to the bipartite design of his own studio built several blocks away in 1898: with two portions of the building similar in composition and separated by a lower passageway, and one section being larger than the other. The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is another bipartite design. Also for the Temples architecture, Wright borrowed several attributes from his previous creation, the Larkin Administration Building. Key features derived were use of stained glass windows as well as geometric figure. But, unlike the Larkin Building, the Temples plan produced a perfect square, as opposed to the double-square rectangle of the Larkin.</p><br>
<p>To reduce noise from the street, Wright eliminated street level windows in the temple. Instead, natural light comes from stained glass windows in the roof and clerestories along the upper walls. Because the members of the parish would not be able to look outside, Unity Temple&#39;s stained glass was designed with green, yellow, and brown tones in order to evoke the colors of nature. The main floor of the temple is accessed via a lower floor (which has seating space), and the room also has two balconies for the seating of the congregation. These varying seating levels allowed the architect to design a building to fit the size of the congregation, but efficiently: no one person in the congregation is more than 40 feet from the pulpit. Wright also designed the building with very good acoustics.</p><br>
<p>The design of Unity Temple represents a leap forward in design for Wright. In recounting his experiences with Unity Temple, he stated that this design was the first time he ever realized that the real heart of a building is its space, not its walls. Indeed, architectural historians have commented on Wright&#39;s genius in creating and manipulating space in his designs; in his book The Master Builders, Peter Blake entitled the section on Wright "The Mastery of Space."</p><br>
<p>In addition to being very accomplished with making the most out of the space he had, Wright also found the concept of "Unity" was very prominent mainly because of how he managed to fuse together space, experience and the material world. This was key to Unity Temple which has both a common meeting area and the congregation of church-goers. The sanctuary space gives the best example of this according to practicing architect Robert McCarter.</p><br>
<p>The building was completed in 1908 and officially dedicated on September 26, 1909. The original Universalist (now Unitarian Universalist) congregation still owns and uses Unity Temple, although a separate and secular organization, the Unity Temple Restoration Foundation, is in charge of the buildings multimillion-dollar restoration effort. Chicago restoration architect Gunny Harboe is in charge of the restoration with CTLGroup providing the engineering and materials technology expertise. In April 2009, Unity Temple, due to water seepage, was added to the National Trust for Historic Preservations 11 most endangered historic places</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The building has been a United States National Historic Landmark since 1971 and was chosen in a 1991 poll in the magazine, Architectural Record as one of the 100 most significant buildings in the United States of the previous 100 years (Unity Temple was #6). Additionally, Unity Temple was chosen by the American Institute of Architects as one of 17 buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright that should be retained as his architectural contribution to American culture.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the USA National Park Service submitted Unity Temple, along with nine other Frank Lloyd Wright properties, to a tentative list for World Heritage Status. The 10 sites have been submitted as one, total, site. The January 22, 2008 press release from the National Park Service website announcing the nominations states that, "The preparation of a Tentative List is a necessary first step in the process of nominating a site to the World Heritage List."</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>A drawback to the modern design of the Unity Temple is structural problems that have emerged over time. Through the years of its existence, the Unity Temple&#39;s concrete structure has suffered extensive water damage. Pieces of the roof fell inside the structure, and water eroded other parts of the exterior, as well.</p><br>
<p>A restoration plan was developed from 2000 to 2006, and beginning in April 2015, a $23 million interior and exterior restoration began. The restoration focused on structural improvements such as replacing the majority of the building&#39;s 16 separate flat roofs. The restoration also addressed decorative and environmental improvements to the building. Unity Temple closed to the public in June 2015. Restoration work was completed in June 2017 and the building reopened for tours as of July 1, 2017. The building remains closed to tours on Sundays, when the Unitarian Universalist church that calls the building home has its day of worship.</p><br>
<p>Priest Lake, Idaho, United States is located in the northernmost portion of the Idaho Panhandle, 80 miles northeast of Spokane, Washington, with the northern end of the lake extending to within 15 miles  of the Canada–US border. The primary lake, lower Priest, is 19 miles long and over 300 feet deep. Upper Priest is connected by a 2.5 mile thoroughfare to lower Priest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the lake dates back almost 10,000 years to the end of the last ice age. After the vast glaciers that covered most of the area receded and vegetation started to re-grow, humans started to resettle the area. This is evident from historical artifacts found in the area and ancient rock art along the lake.</p><br>
<p>The first white settlers arrived in the early 19th century. These early settlers were mainly fur trappers who quickly established trade with the native Kalispel Tribe. Jesuit Priests would eventually settle the lake in the 1840s and establish a base camp at Kalispell Bay. One of these priests, Father Pierre-Jean DeSmet, a native Belgian who had escaped from European persecution and became the most trusted of the white men among the Western Native Americans, named the lake Roothaan Lake for one of his superiors in Rome. The name would not stick though and in 1865 Captain John Mullan, a USA Army Captain who was traveling through the area under orders to build the "Mullan Trail" from Walla Walla, Washington to Fort Benton, Montana after the discovery of silver in the central Idaho mountains along what today is the route of Interstate 90, would rename the lake Kaniksu. Kaniksu is believed to be the native word for “black robe” and because of the Jesuit presence, the lake was later named Priest Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Logging</h2><br>
<p>From the 1890s logging has played an important role at Priest Lake. Logs were floated down the lake, and eventually to the outlet where they would travel down the Priest River until they reached the mills on the Pend Oreille River. National concern over conservation of natural resources led to the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, under which the Priest River Forest Reserve was established in 1897. This forest reserve subsequently evolved into the Kaniksu National Forest - which has been recently incorporated into the Idaho Panhandle National Forests system. Most of the area on the east side of Priest Lake was gradually consolidated into State of Idaho lands beginning after Idaho&#39;s admission into statehood in 1890. In 1950 these state lands to the east of Priest Lake were designated as Priest Lake State Forest. Later, in the 1980s, the State executed land exchanges with private companies that added nearly 13,000 acres (53 km²) to the state forest and resulted in its present boundaries.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Priest Lake has a pristine variety of wildlife both in and around the lake. The standard bear, deer, and moose population that can be seen throughout northern Washington and Idaho is present about the lake, as well as a small population of grizzly bears. Priest Lake also has a large population of fish, including Cutthroat trout, Kokanee, Lake trout, and Dolly Varden trout. The largest lake trout caught in the United States was caught at Priest Lake, by a Spokane Washington man, Lyle McClure, in 1971 and weighed 57 lbs. 8 oz, however the average size of the lake trout ranges from 4-10 lbs.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, Eurasian milfoil, an aquatic invasive species, was discovered in Priest Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Today the lakes biggest draw is tourism. There are several large private resorts on the lake including Hills Resort and Elkins Resort. Popular campgrounds include Indian Creek and Lionhead run by the State of Idaho as well as Beaver Creek, Reeder Bay, Osprey, Outlet Bay, and Luby Bay, which are all located in and run by the Idaho Panhandle National Forest. Several hiking trails circle the lake, also connecting to the Upper Priest Lake. In the winter time, the larger resorts cater to cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling. There is also a hotel and marina located at the lakes largest town, Coolin. The Priest Lake Public Library, located at the corner of Luby Bay Road and Highway 57, is open year-round. Housed in the historic Lamb Creek School, the library has wireless internet access and an extensive local history collection. The area is known for its huckleberries which visitors are encouraged to hike in and pick.</p><br>
<h2>Weather</h2><br>
<p>Both summer and winter activities at the lake are made possible by a truly four-season climate. Summers are generally warm and sunny with high temperatures around 85 degrees Fahrenheit (29 degrees Celsius). Swimming and boating are very popular in the summer. Winters are cold and snowy, and although not as cold as east of the Rocky Mountains, the area does get much more snow. Sixty inches (1.5 m) precipitation falls in the mountains around the lake each year with almost half of that coming in the form of snow. Cross country skiing and snowmobiling are popular winter activities.</p><br>
<p>The Yucatán Peninsula , in southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico, with the northern coastline on the Yucatán Channel. The peninsula lies east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic partition separating the region of Central America from the rest of North America. It is approximately in area, and is almost entirely composed of limestone.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The proper derivation of the word Yucatán is widely debated. Hernán Cortés, in the first of his letters to Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, claimed that the name Yucatán comes from a misunderstanding. In this telling, the first Spanish explorers asked what the area was called and the response they received, "Yucatan", was a Yucatec Maya word meaning "I dont understand what youre saying." Others claim that the source of the name is the Nahuatl (Aztec) word Yocatlān, "place of richness."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-human</h3><br>
<p>The Yucatán Peninsula is the site of the Chicxulub crater impact, which was created 66 million years ago by an asteroid of about 10 to 15 kilometres (6 to 9 miles) in diameter, which is reportedly the asteroid strike that killed the dinosaurs during the end of the Cretaceous Period.</p><br>
<h3>Maya</h3><br>
<p>The Yucatán Peninsula comprises a significant proportion of the ancient Maya Lowlands (although the Maya culture extended south of the Yucatán Peninsula, through present Guatemala and into Honduras and highland Chiapas), and was the center of the Mayan civilization. There are many Maya archaeological sites throughout the peninsula; some of the better-known are Chichen Itza, Tulum and Uxmal. Indigenous Maya and Mestizos of partial Maya descent make up a sizable portion of the region&#39;s population, and Mayan languages are widely spoken there.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish conquest</h3><br>
<h2>Current administration</h2><br>
<p>The peninsula comprises the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; the northern part of the nation of Belize; and Guatemala&#39;s northern El Petén Department.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>In the late historic and early modern eras, the Yucatán Peninsula was largely a cattle ranching, logging, chicle and henequen production area. Since the 1970s (and the fall of the world henequen and chicle markets due to the advent of synthetic substitutes), the Yucatán Peninsula has reoriented its economy towards tourism, especially in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Once a small fishing village, Cancún in the northeast of the peninsula has grown into a thriving city. The Riviera Maya, which stretches along the east coast of the peninsula between Cancún and Tulum, houses over 50,000 beds. The best-known locations are the former fishing town of Playa del Carmen, the ecological parks Xcaret and Xel-Há and the Maya ruins of Tulum and Coba.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The peninsula is the exposed portion of the larger Yucatán Platform, all of which is composed of carbonate and soluble rocks, being mostly limestone although dolomite and evaporites are also present at various depths. The whole of the Yucatán Peninsula is an unconfined flat lying karst landscape. Sinkholes, known locally as cenotes, are widespread in the northern lowlands.</p><br>
<p>According to the Alvarez hypothesis, the mass extinction of the dinosaurs at the transition from the Cretaceous to the Paleogene Period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary), 65 million years ago was caused by an asteroid impact somewhere in the greater Caribbean Basin. The deeply buried Chicxulub crater is centered off the north coast of the peninsula near the town of Chicxulub. The now-famous "Ring of Cenotes" (visible in NASA imagery) outlines one of the shock-waves from this impact event in the rock of ~66 million years of age, which lies more than 1 km below the modern ground surface near the centre, with the rock above the impact strata all being younger in age. The presence of the crater has been determined first on the surface from the Ring of Cenotes, but also by geophysical methods, and direct drilling with recovery of the drill cores.</p><br>
<p>The Arrowsmith Bank is a submerged bank located off the northeastern end of the peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Water resources</h2><br>
<p>Due to the extreme karst nature of the whole peninsula, the northern half is devoid of rivers. Where lakes and swamps are present, the water is marshy and generally unpotable. Due to its coastal situation, the whole of the peninsula is underlain by an extensive contiguous density stratified coastal aquifer, where a fresh water lens formed from meteoric water floats on top of intruding saline water from the coastal margins. The thousands of sinkholes known as cenotes throughout the region provide access to the groundwater system. The cenotes have long been relied on by ancient and contemporary Maya people.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>Short and tall tropical jungles are the predominant natural vegetation types of the Yucatán Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The boundaries between northern Guatemala (El Petén), Mexico (Campeche and Quintana Roo), and western Belize are still occupied by the largest continuous tracts of tropical rainforest in Central America. However, these forests are suffering extensive deforestation.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Like much of the Caribbean, the peninsula lies within the Atlantic Hurricane Belt, and with its almost uniformly flat terrain it is vulnerable to these large storms coming from the east. The 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a particularly bad season for Mexico&#39;s tourism industry, with two forceful category 5 storms hitting, Hurricane Emily and Hurricane Wilma. The 2006 Atlantic Hurricane Season was a typical year which left the Yucatán untouched, but in the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane season Yucatán was hit by Hurricane Dean (also a category 5 storm), nevertheless Dean left little damage on the peninsula despite heavy localized flooding.</p><br>
<p>Strong storms called nortes can quickly descend on the Yucatán Peninsula any time of year. Although these storms pummel the area with heavy rains and high winds, they tend to be short-lived, clearing after about an hour. The average percentage of days with rain per month ranges from a monthly low of 7% in April to a high of 25% in October. Breezes can have a cooling effect, humidity is generally high, particularly in the remaining rainforest areas.</p><br>
<p>The Kaimanawa Range of mountains  is located in the central North Island of New Zealand. They extend for 50 kilometres in a northeast/southwest direction through largely uninhabited country to the south of Lake Taupo, east of the "Desert Road". Their slopes form part of the North Island Volcanic Plateau.</p><br>
<p>The land around the mountains is scrubby and of poor quality to the west, where the Rangipo Desert is located. Considerable areas of this land are used by the New Zealand Army for training. To the east, the soils are more fertile, but the land is very rough.</p><br>
<p>One feature of the Kaimanawas is the kaimanawa horse, a feral variety of horse which roams free on the ranges. Unlike the majority of mountain ranges in New Zealand, much of the Kaimanawa Range is divided into private land.</p><br>
<p>Within the Kaimanawa State Forest area is the Kaimanawa Wall; which is a natural phenomena although sometimes said to have been constructed by supposed earlier pre-Māori settlers in New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>Hungry Mother State Park in southwestern Virginia is noted for its woodlands and lake. Easily accessible from Interstate 81, this park has folklore and history, swimming, camping, cabin rentals, boat rentals, hiking and the park system’s first conference center, Hemlock Haven.</p><br>
<p>Much of the land for Hungry Mother State Park was donated by local landowners to develop a new state park in Smyth County on Hungry Mother Creek. The park is one of the six original CCC parks that opened in June 1936. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>The Legend of Hungry Mother</h2><br>
<p>It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names. A legend states that when the Native Americans destroyed several settlements on the New River south of the park, Molly Marley and her small child were among the survivors taken to the raiders’ base north of the park. They eventually escaped, wandering through the wilderness eating berries. Molly finally collapsed, and her child wandered down a creek. Upon finding help, the only words the child could utter were "Hungry Mother." When the search party arrived at the foot of the mountain where Molly had collapsed, they found the child&#39;s mother dead. Today, that mountain is Molly’s Knob (3,270 feet), and the stream is Hungry Mother Creek.</p><br>
<p>Hart Island, sometimes referred to as Harts Island, is an island in New York City at the western end of Long Island Sound. It is approximately a mile long and one-quarter of a mile wide and is located to the northeast of City Island in the Pelham Islands group. The island is the easternmost part of the borough of the Bronx. The island has been used as a Union Civil War prison camp, a psychiatric institution, a tuberculosis sanatorium, potters field, and a boys&#39; reformatory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was part of the 0.2 square miles property purchased by Thomas Pell from the local Native Americans in 1654. On May 27, 1868, New York City purchased the island from Edward Hunter of the Bronx for $75,000.</p><br>
<p>There are several versions of the origin of the island&#39;s name. In one, British cartographers named it "Heart Island" in 1775, due to its organ-like shape, but the second letter was dropped shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<p>Others sources indicate that "hart" refers to an English word for "stag." One version of this theory is that the island was given the name when it was used as a game preserve. Another version holds that it was named in reference to deer that migrated from the mainland during periods when ice covered that part of Long Island Sound. A passage in William Styron&#39;s novel Lie Down in Darkness describes the island as occupied by a lone deer shot by a hunter in a row boat. Styron provides a vivid description of the public burials following World War II including the handling of remains from re-excavated graves.</p><br>
<p>At various times during its history, Hart Island has had a workhouse, a hospital, prisons, a Civil War internment camp, a reformatory and a Nike missile base. The islands area is 0.531 km² (0.205 sq mi, or 131.22 acres) and had no permanent population as of the 2000 census. Currently it serves as the citys potter&#39;s field and is run by the New York City Department of Correction. The first public use of Hart Island was to train United States Colored Troops beginning in 1864.</p><br>
<h3>Prison</h3><br>
<p>Hart Island was a prisoner-of-war camp for four months in 1865. Three thousand, four hundred and thirteen captured Confederate soldiers were housed on the island. Two hundred and thirty-five died in the camp and their remains were buried in Cypress Hills National Cemetery. Following the Civil War indigent veterans were buried in a Soldiers Plot on Hart Island which was separate from Potters Field and at the same location. Some of these soldiers were moved to West Farms Soldiers Cemetery in 1916 and others were removed to Cypress Hills Cemetery, Brooklyn in 1941. People were later quarantined on the island during the 1870 yellow fever epidemic and at various times it has been home to a women&#39;s psychiatric hospital (The Pavilion, 1885), a tubercularium, delinquent boys, and during the Cold War, Nike missiles.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Correction used the island for a prison up until 1966 and briefly again in the late 1980s, but it is currently uninhabited except by over one million burials. Access is controlled by the Department of Correction. However a bill (0848) transferring jurisdiction to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation was introduced on April 30, 2012. The Hart Island Project testified in favor of this bill on September 27, 2012. The bill was introduced (0134) again in March 2014 and a public hearing took place at City Hall on January 20, 2016. Bill 803 requires the Department of Correction to post its database of burials on-line. Bill 804 requires the Department of Correction to post its visitation policy on-line. These passed into legislation in December 2013.</p><br>
<h3>Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>Hart Island is the location of the 131 acre public cemetery for New York City, the largest tax-funded cemetery in the world.The name Potters Field officially retired on Wards Island and Hart Island opened with the name City Cemetery, although the new burial ground is often referred to as "potters field." Burials on Hart Island began with 20 Union Soldiers during the American Civil War. City burials started shortly after Hart Island was sold to New York City in 1868. Burials of unknowns were in single plots, and identified adults and children were buried in mass graves. In 1913, adults and children under five were buried in separate mass graves. Unknowns are mostly adults. They are frequently disinterred when families are able to locate their relatives through DNA, photographs and fingerprints kept on file at the Office of the Medical Examiner. Adults are buried in trenches with three sections of 48-50 individuals to make disinterment easier. Children, mostly infants, are rarely disinterred and are buried in trenches of 1,000. Hart Islands southern end continued to accommodate the living up until Phoenix House moved in 1976. In 1977, the island was vandalized and many burial records were destroyed by a fire. Remaining records were transferred to the Municipal Archives in Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>More than one million dead are buried on the island—now fewer than 1,500 a year. One third of them are infants and stillborn babies – which has been reduced from one half since childrens health insurance began to cover all pregnant women in New York State. In 2005 there were 1,419 burials in the potters field on Hart Island, including 826 adults, 546 infants and stillborn babies, and 47 burials of dismembered body parts. Burial records on microfilm at the Municipal Archives in Manhattan indicate that babies and adults were buried together in mass graves up until 1913 when the trenches became separate in order to facilitate the more common disinterment of adults. The potter&#39;s field is also used to dispose of amputated body parts, which are placed in boxes labeled "limbs". Ceremonies have not been conducted at the burial site since the 1950s, and no individual markers are set except for the first child to die of AIDS in New York City who was buried in isolation. In the past, burial trenches were re-used after 25–50 years, allowing for sufficient decomposition of the remains. Currently, historic buildings are being torn down to make room for new burials.</p><br>
<p>Because of the number of weekly interments made at the potters field and the expense to the taxpayers, these mass burials are straightforward and conducted by Rikers Island inmates. Those interred on Hart Island are not necessarily homeless or indigent; many are people who could either not afford the expenses of private funerals or who were unclaimed by relatives within a month of death. Approximately fifty percent of the burials are children under five who are identified and died in New York Citys hospitals. The mothers of these children are generally unaware of what it means to sign papers authorizing a "City Burial." These women as well as siblings often go looking many years later. Many others have families who live abroad or out of state and whose relatives search for years. Their search is made more difficult because burial records are currently kept within the prison system. An investigation into the handling of the infant burials was opened in response to a criminal complaint made to the New York State Attorney General&#39;s Office on April 1, 2009.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the digital mapping of grave trenches using the Global Positioning System was started. In 2013 the New York City Department of Correction created a searchable database on its website of the people buried on the island starting in 1977 and it contains 66,000 entries.</p><br>
<p>A Freedom of Information Act request for 50,000 burial records was granted in 2008. The 1403 pages provided by the Department of Correction contain lists of all burials from 1985–2007. A second FOI request for records from September 1, 1977 to December 31, 1984 was submitted to the Department of Correction on June 2, 2008. New York City has located 502 pages from that period and they will soon be available to the public. A lawsuit concerning "place of death" information redacted from the Hart Island burial records was filed against New York City on July 11, 2008 by the Law Office of David B. Rankin. It was settled out of court in January 2009. On May 10, 2010, New York Poets read the names of people buried and located through the Hart Island Project.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Department of Transportation runs a single ferry to the island from the Fordham Street pier on City Island. Prison labor from Rikers Island is used for burial details, paid at 50 cents an hour. Inmates stack the pine coffins in two rows, three high and 25 across, and each plot is marked with a single concrete marker. The first pediatric AIDS victim to die in New York City is buried in the only single grave on Hart Island with a concrete marker that reads SC (special child) B1 (Baby 1) 1985. A tall white peace monument erected by New York City prison inmates following World War II is at the top of what was known as "Cemetery Hill" prior to the installation of the now abandoned Nike missile base at the northern end of Hart Island.</p><br>
<p>The Jewish playwright, film screenwriter, and director Leo Birinski was buried here in 1951, when he died alone and in poverty. The American novelist Dawn Powell was buried on Hart Island in 1970, five years after her death, when the executor of her estate refused to reclaim her remains after medical studies. Academy Award winner Bobby Driscoll was also buried here when he died in 1968 because no one was able to identify his remains when he was found dead in an East Village tenement. His daughter, Aaren Keely, submitted a poem in his memory to the Hart Island Project.</p><br>
<h3>Boys' workhouse</h3><br>
<p>In the late 19th century Hart Island became the location of a boys workhouse which was an extension of the prison and almshouse on Blackwells Island, now Roosevelt Island. There is a section of old wooden houses and masonry institutional structures dating back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries that have fallen into disrepair. These are now being torn down to provide new ground for burials. Military barracks from the Civil War period were used prior to the construction of workhouse and hospital facilities. None of the original Civil War Period buildings are still standing. In the early 20th century, Hart Island housed about two thousand delinquent boys as well as old male prisoners from Blackwells penitentiary. This prison population moved to Rikers Island when the prison on Roosevelt Island (then called Welfare Island)) was torn down in 1936. Remaining on Hart Island is a building constructed in 1885 as a womens insane asylum, the Pavilion, as well as Phoenix House, a drug rehabilitation facility that closed in 1976.</p><br>
<h3>Missiles</h3><br>
<p>The island has defunct Nike Ajax missile silos, battery NY-15 that were part of the United States Army base Fort Slocum from 1956–1961 and operated by the armys 66th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion. Some silos are located on Davids Island. The Integrated Fire Control system that tracked the targets and directed missiles was located in Fort Slocum. The last components of the missile system were closed in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Hart Island and the pier on Fordham Street on City Island are restricted areas under the jurisdiction of the New York City Department of Correction.</p><br>
<p>Family members, accompanied by guests, may visit grave sites of their family members on one weekend day per month as of July 2015. The first visit took place on July 19, 2015. Family members who wish to visit the island must request a visit ahead of time with the Department of Correction. As part of a lawsuit settlement, the City of New York agreed to permit family visits, allow family members to leave mementos at grave sites, and maintain an online and telephone system for family members to schedule grave site visits.</p><br>
<p>Other members of the public are permitted to visit by prior appointment only. Interested parties must contact the Office of Constituent Services to schedule a visit to a gazebo located near to the docking point of the ferry on Hart Island.</p><br>
<p>Currently, there are two ferry trips to the island every month, one for family members and their guests, and one for members of the general public. The ferry leaves from a restricted dock on City Island. There is legislation pending that would adjust the ferry trips to permit for much more frequent and regular travel to Hart Island. In 2017, the City increased the number of allowable visitors per month from 50 to 70.</p><br>
<p>New York City currently offers no provisions for individuals wanting to visit Hart Island without contacting the prison system.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Department Of Correction offered one guided tour of the island in 2000 at local residents requests, and a few other visits to members of the City Island Civics Association and Community Board 10 in 2014. Visitors were allowed to see the outside of the ruined buildings, some dating back to the 1880s. An ecumenical group named the Interfaith Friends of Potters Field has intermittently conducted memorial services on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Public engagement</h2><br>
<p>On October 28, 2011, the New York City Council Committee on Fire and Criminal Justice held a hearing titled "Oversight: Examining the Operation of Potter&#39;s Field by the N.Y.C., Department of Correction on Hart Island." Testimony was presented by Melinda Hunt for The Hart Island Project, Michael Miscione as Manhattan Borough Historian, Picture the Homeless, Daniel Stevelman, Deputy Commissioner for Operations at the New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, and Gregory McLaughlin, Warden of Support Services Division of the Chief Medical Examiner. The Committee, chaired by Elizabeth Crowley, amended the Administrative Code § 21–110 directing the Department of Correction to post an on-line database on their website as well as clear instructions regarding public access. In April 2013, the Department of Correction published an online database of burials on the island.</p><br>
<p>A New York City Council public hearing on bills introduced to remedy public access to Hart Island took place on September 27, 2012.</p><br>
<p>An art exhibition of people located through The Hart Island Project with help from Melinda Hunt was held at Westchester Community College in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>The Hart Island Project and current reforms</h2><br>
<p>Since 1994, The Hart Island Project has independently assisted families in obtaining copies of public burial records. The group also helps people track down loved ones and negotiate visits.</p><br>
<p>The Hart Island Project was founded by New York artist Melinda Hunt in an effort to aid the loved ones of the dead buried on Hart Island. Historian Thomas Laqueur writes: Woody Guthries song about the unnamed Mexican migrant dead has had a long resonant history. Hunt, in an emotionally related gesture, has researched, for years, in order to publish the names of as many as 850,000 paupers who lie in 101 acres of Hart Island where the city buries its anonymous dead. The Hart Island Project database has made it easier for the relatives and loved ones of the almost one million people buried on Hart Island to get information about the people that they have lost. Information such as burial location, and other records have been collected on The Hart Island Projects database. The Hart Island Project has led to reforms of access to Hart Island such as opening the island monthly to everyone and legislation that requires the Department of Corrections to put burial records on-line. Starting July 19, 2015 the city began to run a once-a-month ferry service to the island to allow relatives to visit the graves of their kin buried on the island.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 the Hart Island Project completed an on-line database of burial records dating back to 1980. In 2014, an interactive map with GPS burial data and storytelling software "clocks of anonymity" were developed and released as "The Traveling Cloud Museum". The Traveling Cloud Museum collects publicly submitted stories of those who are listed in the burial record and who are otherwise anonymous. "Traveling Cloud Museum" was created to give people who knew the deceased an opportunity to add stories, photos, epitaphs, songs or videos linked to a personal profile.</p><br>
<p>In July 2015, The Hart Island Project collaborated with British landscape architects Ann Sharrock and Ian Fisher to present a landscape strategy to the New York City Council and the Parks Department. Ann Sharrock introduced the concept that Hart Island is a natural burial facility and outlined a growing interest in green burials within urban settings.</p><br>
<p>The process of visiting the island has been improved due to efforts by The Hart Island Project and the New York Civil Liberties Union. Despite this work, it is still a long and complicated process for the family members of those interred on the island to be able to visit. Settlement of the class action lawsuit permits a once a month to Hart Island for families in groups of no more than five people. Those who are able to get an appointment must arrive at a designated time, relinquish cameras and cell phones, sign a legal release, and produce government issued identification. In an effort to make access easier, another bill 0134 has the goal of transferring jurisdiction of the island from the Department of Correction to the Department of Parks and Recreation. On a rare visit by non-family members to the island, the Vice President of the City Island Chamber of Commerce noted, “In terms of space, there are beautiful views, I think it would be a great addition to the Parks Department." Proponents of this action claim that it would make it significantly easier for loved ones to visit their dead, and that as a park Hart Island would be the ninth such public cemetery to become a public park. It would join other famous parks that were once cemeteries such as Madison Square Park, Washington Square Park, and Bryant Park. Bill 0134 had a public hearing on January 20, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Regency Bridge, locally known as the "Swinging Bridge," is a one-lane suspension bridge over the Colorado River in Texas. It is located at the intersection of Mills County Road 433 and San Saba County Road 137, both gravel roads, near a small community called Regency. The bridge saddles the Colorado River between Mills and San Saba counties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After closing in late 2014, the bridge is once again open to traffic.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has a span of 325 feet (99 m) and a wood surface. It was built in 1939, with most of the work being done by hand. The bridge was restored in 1997, with then-Governor Bush attending the re-dedication service. This was a major event for the community of around 25 people.</p><br>
<p>Local teenagers accidentally set the wood surface on fire on December 29, 2003, burning a hole in some planks and causing $20,000 in damage. The bridge was repaired and reopened to traffic in early 2005.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Regency Bridge became the last suspension bridge in Texas open to automobile traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Commemoration</h2><br>
<p>A nearby historical marker, located on the southeast side of the intersection of FM 574 and Mills County Road 433 (which is just east of the intersection of FM 45 and FM 574) reads:</p><br>
<p>This area&#39;s first Colorado River bridge was at Regency, on Mills-San Saba County line. Built 1903, it served ranchers and farmers for going to market, but fell in 1924, killing a boy, a horse, and some cattle. Its successor was demolished by a 1936 flood. With 90 per cent of the work done by hand labor, the Regency Suspension Bridge was erected in 1939. It became the pride of the locality, and youths gathered there in the 1940s to picnic, dance, and sing. Bypassed by paved farm roads, it now (1976) survives as one of the last suspension bridges in Texas.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The bridge is included in the opening credits for Texas Country Reporter.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Alton and Sue Watson founded the There&#39;s Something In The Water Songwriter Festival featuring musicians and songwriters from Texas, Oklahoma, and other regions. The annual festival is held on the third weekend in April on a site next to the bridge.</p><br>
<p>World Without Waves was filmed in the area and featured the Regency bridge in several scenes.</p><br>
<p>The Lake of the Arbuckles is a reservoir located in southern Oklahoma, 8 mi southwest of Sulphur in Murray County. The lake covers 2,350 acre and is a principal water supply reservoir for the city of Ardmore, some 30 mi to the southwest. It also supplies water to the cities of Sulphur, Davis, Wynnewood and a large oil refinery near Wynnewood. The lake also provides flood control, fish and wildlife habitat and recreation opportunities.</p><br>
<h2>Project timeline</h2><br>
<p>During the early 1950s, a drought seriously depleted then-existing water supplies for the cities and towns in the Arbuckle area. Bureau of Reclamation representatives began meeting in 1956 with local officials about the feasibility of an Arbuckle water project. The proposed project was supported by the Oklahoma Congressional delegation. The Bureau prepared a preliminary development plan in 1961. Public Law 87-594, approved August 24, 1962 (76 Stat. 395) authorized the Arbuckle Project. The final development plan was completed in 1964. A contract to construct Arbuckle Dam was awarded June 9, 1964, and completed June 30, 1966. The project also incorporated certain other infrastructure. These included an aqueduct and pumping system to supply water to area customers, The contract for this construction was awarded August 27, 1965, and the work was completed in 1968. The Bureau turned over the operation and maintenance responsibilities to the Arbuckle Master Conservancy District on January 1, 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Description of dam and lake</h2><br>
<p>Arbuckle Dam, creating Lake of the Arbuckles, was built by the United States Bureau of Reclamation on Rock Creek. at the confluence of Buckhorn, Guy Sandy, and Rock Creeks. The lake is very scenic, nestled within the Chickasaw National Recreation Area. The dam is constructed of earth fill, with a volume of 2,977,800 cubic yards.Its height is 150 ft and crest length is 2,700 ft.</p><br>
<p>The total capacity of the lake at elevation 885.3 ft is 108,839 acreft.The conservation capacity is 62,571 acreft at elevation 872.0 ft. The surface area at the maximum elevation is 3,127 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Water delivery systems</h2><br>
<p>The Arbuckle project included a pumping station downstream from the dam and a 17.9 mi pipeline to deliver water to Davis and Wynnewood. The pipeline diameter ranges from 10 in to 27 in.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation has rated the lake as the best for bass fishing in the state. The lake features 36 miles of shoreline. Fishing is permitted year-round for crappie, catfish, largemouth bass, white bass and bluegill. Facilities include three campgrounds for tents and RVs, picnic areas, public restrooms and boat docks and ramps.</p><br>
<p>There are 3,400 acre of land available for recreational use adjacent to the reservoir. The recreational area is managed by the National Park Service, and the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation provides wildlife management.</p><br>
<p>Evrostina  is a village and a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Xylokastro-Evrostina, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 101.415 km. The seat of administration of the former municipality was the town Derveni.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Evrostina is a mountain village, situated at about 650 m elevation between the mountain Mavro oros (elevation 1757 m) to the south and the mountain Evrostina (elevation 1208 m) to the northwest. The most populous village of the municipal unit, Derveni, is 7 km to the north on the coast of the Gulf of Corinth. Evrostina is 20 km west of Xylokastro and 50 km west of Corinth.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Evrostina is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Derveni (Derveni, Mavra Litharia, Petalou)</p><br>
<p>Elliniko</p><br>
<p>Evrostina (Evrostina, Ano Aigialos, Koumarias, Rozena)</p><br>
<p>Kallithea (Kallithea, Skoupaiika)</p><br>
<p>Lygia</p><br>
<p>Lykoporia</p><br>
<p>Pyrgos</p><br>
<p>Sarantapicho (Sarantapicho, Sarantapichiotika)</p><br>
<p>Stomio</p><br>
<p>Chelydoreo (Chelydoreo, Mentourgianika)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Tenkiller Ferry Lake, or more simply, "Lake Tenkiller," is a reservoir in eastern Oklahoma formed by the damming of the Illinois River. The earth-fill dam was constructed between 1947 and 1952 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers for purposes of flood control, hydroelectric power generation, water supply and recreation. It went into full operation in 1953. The lake and dam were named for the Tenkiller family, prominent Cherokees who owned the land and ferry that were bought for the project.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake covers 12,900 acres (52 km²) and has a shoreline of over 130 mi in the Cookson Hills of the Ozark Mountains of Cherokee and Sequoyah counties, about seven miles (11 km) northeast of the town of Gore and 10 mi from the intersection of I-40 and the Muskogee Turnpike.</p><br>
<p>The distance from major cities include: 150 mi northeast of Oklahoma City, 50 mi west of Fort Smith, Arkansas, 75 mi southeast of Tulsa and 30 mi from Muskogee.</p><br>
<p>One of the townships bordering this lake is Paradise Hill, at the far southwestern edge of the lake. It is known for its violent drop-offs, some going from a grown man&#39;s waist level to over his head. This is the cause of many deaths in the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Electric power generation</h3><br>
<p>The hydroelectric power station is remotely controlled from the control center at Fort Gibson Lake. Two generators, each rated for 17 megawatts, provide a total capacity of 34 megawatts (MWe). The facility can handle 40 MWe for a short period of time. However, the amount of power that can actually be generated depends heavily on the lake elevation at any given time.</p><br>
<h3>Water supply</h3><br>
<p>Originally, the amount of water delivered by the project was considered incidental, although the quality of water was much higher than that of the Arkansas River (the closest alternative source). Much of this water was expected to be used by the Kerr-McGee Nuclear Fuel Plant. That plant closed years ago. The cities of Muskogee and Sallisaw are now major consumers.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Attractions near the lake include scuba diving, camping, hiking, fishing, golfing, water sports, scenic nature, fishing, and hunting. In addition there are eight miles (13 km) of trout fishing along the Illinois River. There are also ten marinas, fourteen parks, 24 boat launching ramps, five floating restaurants, and many islands including Goat Island which is famous for the goats that inhabit it. Scuba divers can even see the ruins of old communities that were flooded by the lake, such as the original town of Cookson.</p><br>
<p>Other than the goats, many other animals inhabit the area including Canadian geese, white tail deer, ducks, monarch butterflies, warblers, otters, mink, beaver, bear, mountain lion, wild hogs, wild turkey and bald eagles.</p><br>
<p>Tenkiller State Park, Cherokee Landing State Park, and several Corps parks are among the parks bordering the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife Management Area</h2><br>
<p>The Tenkiller Wildlife Management Area consists of 2,950 acre on the southwest shoreline of the lake, a mixture of upland and riparian habitat. The upland portion is covered with oak and hickory. The riparian portion contains mostly willow, sycamore, hackberry, elm, ash and birch.</p><br>
<p>Lake Overholser is a reservoir within the city limits of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The lake straddles the line separating Oklahoma and Canadian counties. Lake Overholser is formed by Overholser Dam on the North Canadian River in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma. The lake is 2.9 miles west of Bethany. Lake Overholser is named after Ed Overholser who was the 16th Mayor of the City of Oklahoma City.</p><br>
<p>The lake was originally intended to assure an adequate supply of municipal water, since the city depended primarily on the North Canadian River as a source, supplemented by private wells. The need for flood control capability became obvious when the river flooded in 1923, it breached the Lake Overholser Dam, and inundated much of the city.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Lake</h3><br>
<p>The lake covers approximately 1,500 acres (6 km²) and was constructed in 1919 to provide water to a treatment plant. According to USGS, its capacity is 17,100 acre-feet The average depth is 6 feet and the maximum depth is only 13 feet.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 66, "The Mother Road", was situated along the North shore of Lake Overholser from 1926 to 1958. A 1958 Route 66 improvement project created a new alignment for the highway that relocated the roadbed about 1/4 mile North of the lake. The original 1926 section of Route 66 still exists and was renamed North Overholser Drive. It runs south of the Stonebridge Lake Estates and Ramsey Lake and is considered one of the most scenic sections of the original Route 66.</p><br>
<h3>Dam</h3><br>
<p>The Lake Overholser Dam, designed by Niels Ambursen and built by the Ambursen Construction Company of New York, is 68 feet high and 1,258 feetlong. Oklahoma City residents voted a $1.5 million bond issue in 1916 to pay for the project. The dam is built of reinforced poured concrete.</p><br>
<p>The dam has four distinct sections of buttressed spillways and a solid spillway. A concrete walkway extends across the dam over the buttresses until it comes to the larger spillway, where it is carried by a Pratt through truss.</p><br>
<p>A concrete wing wall anchors the dam into the eastern river bank. The first span of the dam, between the eastern wing wall and the pump house, is wide. The brick-walled pump house has a gabled tile roof, a small chimney, and two round ventilators. It sits above four arched sluiceway openings.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational facilities</h2><br>
<p>Lake Overholser is a popular fishing area for local residents. A covered fishing pier is on the southwest side of the lake. Species of fish include: white bass, bream, bluegill, striped bass, flathead catfish, crappie, carp, catfish and largemouth bass.</p><br>
<p>Boating is allowed on the lake, but swimming is prohibited.</p><br>
<p>Keystone Lake is a reservoir in northeastern Oklahoma on the Arkansas and Cimarron rivers. It is located upstream about 23 mi from Tulsa. It was created in 1968 when the Keystone Dam was completed. The primary purposes are: flood control, hydroelectric power generation, wildlife management and recreation.</p><br>
<h2>General description</h2><br>
<p>Keystone Lake is about 23,600 acre in area, and was designed to contain 505,381 acre.ft of water. It was named for the community of Keystone, which existed on the site from 1900 until 1962, when it was inundated by the waters of the lake. Construction of the lake forced the relocation of three other towns: Mannford, Oklahoma (also known as New Mannford by locals), Prue (also known as New Prue), and Appalachia Bay, Oklahoma. The town of Osage was partially abandoned to the lake, while the rest clings to the south shore. Engineers built a levee around low-lying areas of the south and east sides of Cleveland, Oklahoma to prevent flooding of that city. The shoreline extends for 330 mi.</p><br>
<p>Two Oklahoma state parks, Keystone State Park and Walnut Creek State Park, are located along the shores of the lake offering camping, hiking and biking trails, fishing, swimming and boating opportunities. The area also features a Yogi Bear&#39;s Jellystone Park Camp-Resort as you cross the Keystone Dam near Sand Springs.</p><br>
<p>The Keystone Lake project was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1950. It was designed and built by the Tulsa District, Army Corps of Engineers. Construction began in January 1957 and was complete for flood control purposes in September 1964. Commercial operation of the power generating facility began in May 1968.</p><br>
<p>A reregulating dam, located 7.8 miles downstream of the main dam, was also completed in 1968. Cost of the total project was approximately $123 million. In 1986, the reregulating dam was removed due to public safety issues, as 16 people had drowned at the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Dam construction details</h2><br>
<p>The dam was actually constructed across the Arkansas River, downstream of the confluence with the Cimmaron River. It is built of rolled earthfill material. Maximum height of the dam is 121 ft above the stream bed. The total length of the dam is 4,600 ft, including a 1,600 ft-long concrete section. The spillway in the concrete section is 856 ft wide. The non-overflow part of the concrete section includes a power intake structure. State Highway 151 crosses the dam, connecting State Highway 51 on the south with USA Highway 64 on the north.</p><br>
<p>The spillway is a gated ogee weir, 720 ft wide with eighteen tainter gates, each 40 by. Spillway capacity at the maximum pool level (elevation 766.0 ft) is 939,000 cuft/s. Capacity at the top of the flood control pool level (elevation 754.0 ft) is 565,000 cuft/s. The spillway also has nine sluices, each 5.67 by.</p><br>
<p>The power intake structure is between the spillway and the left non-overflow section of the dam. It includes two penstocks, each 27 ft diameter and controlled by two 14 by gates. The power generation facility includes two hydroelectric generators, each rated at 35,000 kW.</p><br>
<h2>Largest release in service</h2><br>
<p>In September and October 1986, Keystone Lake was filled to capacity when the remnants of Hurricane Paine entered Oklahoma and dropped nearly 22 inch of water into the Cimmaron and Arkansas rivers northwest of the lake, requiring the Corps of Engineers to release water downstream at a rate of 310,000 cuft/s, which made downstream flooding inevitable. As a result, a private levee in West Tulsa failed, causing more than $1.3 million in damages.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>According to the Corps of Engineers website, Keystone Lake has 16 recreational areas (including 3 alcohol-free beaches), 11 boat ramps, 4 marinas and 2 off-road vehicle areas. There are also campgrounds, a waterfowl refuge and a public hunting area. Keystone State Park nearby offers cabins. Fishing is popular, with the most plentiful species being striped bass, sand bass, black bass, small mouth bass, crappie, and catfish. Fauna around the lake include: white-tailed deer, raccoon, bobcat, coyote, beaver, squirrel, cottontail rabbit, quail, dove, ducks and geese. Hunting and fishing licenses are regulated by Oklahoma and Federal laws.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hefner is a reservoir in northwestern Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was built in 1947 to expand the water supply for the city of Oklahoma City. It is named after Robert A. Hefner, who served as mayor of Oklahoma City from April 11, 1939 to April 8, 1947. It also serves as a major recreational destination, as it is surrounded by 9.5 mi of bicycle trails.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The capacity of the lake is 75,000 acre-feet. Lake Hefner covers 2,500 acres (10 km²) and averages 29 feet (9 m) deep.</p><br>
<p>The lake is situated within the Oklahoma City urban area and is subsequently closely bordered by residential areas to the north, west, and east. The Lake Hefner Dam is located along the entire northern side of the lake. Lake Hefner Parkway borders the east side of the lake. The south side is the least developed, retaining the original forest along much of the shore. Lake Hefner Golf Course is located on the southwest corner of the lake. Immediately south of this are the Oklahoma City docks, commonly known as the city-side docks, the largest marina on the lake. The other marina on Lake Hefner is the Oklahoma City Boat Club (OCBC), a private organization that holds weekly sailboat races during the summer and is located on the east side. Just north of the OCBC is the East Wharf area, which contains several fairly upscale restaurants. On the south side of the lake is the Hobie Point, a YMCA sailing school, and Stars and Stripes Park. The Oklahoma Radio Kontrol Society (TORKS) has maintained a Radio Control air field since the early 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Hefner is also a popular recreational fishing spot for Oklahoma City residents, and is populated with a variety of gamefish species including largemouth & smallmouth bass, channel catfish, walleye, bluegill, black crappie, as well as white bass and hybrid striped bass.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, Hefner is a popular site for recreational boating, both with sailboats and motorized pleasure craft.</p><br>
<p>Eufaula Lake is a reservoir in Oklahoma. It is located on the Canadian River, 27 mi upstream from its confluence with the Arkansas River and near the town of Eufaula. The lake covers parts of McIntosh County, Pittsburg, Haskell and Okmulgee counties and drains 47,522 square miles. Water sources include the Canadian, North Fork Canadian and Deep Fork rivers. It is the largest-capacity lake in the state of Oklahoma with a volume of 2,099,000 acre.ft, a surface area of 102,000 acre and 600 mi of shoreline.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Congress approved construction of the dam and lake in 1946 to provide flood control, hydroelectric power, water supply, navigation and recreation. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction of the 975 meter-long (3,199 feet) Eufaula Dam wall in 1956 and was completed in 1964. President Lyndon B. Johnson came to Oklahoma to dedicate the dam on September 25, 1964. The dam holds back a lake area of over 412 km&sup2;. The hydroelectric power station was designed to provide 90,000 kilowatts of electric power from the lake waters.</p><br>
<p>According to the Corps of Engineers in 2015, the Eufaula project cost $121.4 million, and has prevented nearly $575.5 million in flood damages since its completion.The lake attracts about 2.5 million visitors every year.</p><br>
<p>Heavy rains in the spring of 2015 caused Eufaula Lake to rise so rapidly that the Corps of Engineers opened the flood gates and released water at rates as high as 48,000 ft&sup3; per second. This was the highest rate since 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Dam construction</h2><br>
<p>Eufaula Dam is east of the city of Eufaula, Oklahoma. It is 3,200 feet long and 114 feet high. It is constructed with an earthen embankment and concrete. The associated hydroelectric power plant has three turbines, each rated at 30 megawatts, for a total installed capacity of 90 megawatts The dam was approved by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1946 and construction began in 1956. In February 1964, the river was closed and The generators went operational in September 1964. State Highway 71 runs across the top of the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Standing Rock</h2><br>
<p>Standing Rock is now covered by the waters of Lake Eufaula. The historic landmark stood in the middle of the Canadian river about two miles (3 km) below the junction of the North and South Canadians. When the lake is at its top level, 585 ft, the top of the huge upright rock is approximately 25 ft below the surface.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational facilities</h2><br>
<p>Activities at Lake Eufaula include boating, fishing, swimming, hiking, hunting, golfing and horseback riding. Picnic areas are scattered throughout the area. Facilities include marinas, boat ramps, swim beaches, tent and RV campsites, cabins, group shelters, restrooms, showers and an enclosed fishing dock.</p><br>
<p>A well-known tournament lake, Lake Eufaula draws anglers from across the United States to test their skills at catching largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, Kentucky bass, crappie, catfish, sandbass, stripers (below the dam), and other species.</p><br>
<p>Oklahoma created two state parks, Arrowhead and Fountainhead, to provide recreational activities and camping facilities at the lake. The state borrowed $8 million from the Federal government to build a lodge at each park. However, the lodges did not provide enough money to repay the loan, so ownership reverted to the Federal government. In 1986, the USA Economic Administration sold Arrowhead Lodge to the Choctaw Nation and Fountainhead Lodge to a group of private investors.</p><br>
<h3>Marinas</h3><br>
<p>List of Marinas on Lake Eufaula.</p><br>
<p>Area 51 Marina</p><br>
<p>Belle Starr Marina</p><br>
<p>Duchess Creek Marina</p><br>
<p>Eufaula Cove Marina</p><br>
<p>Evergreen Marina</p><br>
<p>Lake Eufaula Marina</p><br>
<p>No. 9 Marina</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 2011 Jason Boland & the Stragglers song Farmers Luck&#39;, written by Greg Jacobs, tells the story of how eminent domain laws were used to force farmers to sell their land to make way for the artificial lake.</p><br>
<p>Choctaw Bingo a song written and recorded by James McMurtry in 2002 says "Hes got a quarter section up by Lake Eufaula. Caught a great big ol blue cat on a driftin jug line." The song was also released on the soundtrack for the movie Beer for My Horses.&#39; It has also been covered by Ray Wylie Hubbard.</p><br>
<p>Lake Stanley Draper is a reservoir in southeast Oklahoma City, United States. It is one of three municipal reservoirs in the city. It was constructed in 1962-1963, and named for the long-time director of the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce. Located between Midwest Boulevard and Post Road, near I-240, it receives water by pipeline from Atoka Lake and McGee Creek Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was begun in 1962 to serve as a reservoir for Oklahoma City.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It has a surface area of 2,900 acre, an average depth of 34 feet and a maximum depth of 98 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The lake is open for a number of things including, fishing, ATVS or dirt bikes, R.C. airplanes, boating (sailing, Water skiing, and jet skiing). Water skiing is allowed in the main body of the lake, but swimming is prohibited everywhere in the lake. There are four covered fishing piers, primitive campgrounds, picnic grounds, grills and rest rooms. The marinas website is www.lakedraper.com</p><br>
<h2>Maintenance</h2><br>
<p>In March 2010 City of Oklahoma City began work for the Atoka Pump Station Rehabilitation Project (APSRP). During the project 24 new pumps were installed while six others were refurbished along the 100 mi Atoka Pipeline. During that time, the pumps were periodically shut down to allow for installation and refurbishment, which caused lake water levels to drop well below its normal pool depth of 1,187 ft. Because of the low water levels all boating is prohibited, with only authorized personnel allowed on the water. On February 25, 2011, the pipeline was brought back to full service allowing water to be pumped from Lake Atoka to Draper. From February 2011 the lake&#39;s water level remained low due to the lack of heavy rainfall because of the then ongoing drought and water usage by residents of Oklahoma City. The City expected that the lake would return to levels high enough to allow recreational use by late fall 2013. In April 2015 following substantial rainfall, the lake reached and passed its pool depth, bringing the lake back to full capacity.</p><br>
<p>Fort Cobb Reservoir is a reservoir located in Caddo County in the USA state of Oklahoma. It impounds the waters of Cobb  Creek and Lake Creek. The lake covers approximately 4,000 acres  of water and 45 mi of shoreline. It was constructed in 1958. The towns of Carnegie, Fort Cobb, and Eakly are located nearby.</p><br>
<p>Fort Cobb Dam is on Cobb Creek about 5 miles (8 km) north of Fort Cobb, and roughly 5 mi above the confluence of Cobb Creek with the Washita River. The dam is a zoned earthfill structure containing 3,569,185 cubic yards (2,729,000 m³) of embankment. The crest width is 30 feet (9 m), and the crest length is 9,900 feet (3 km). The structural height of the dam is 122 feet (37 m).</p><br>
<p>Fort Cobb Reservoir has a total capacity of 143,740 acre.ft and covers an area of 5,956 acres (24.1 km²) at top of flood pool level. The uncontrolled morning-glory spillway in the left abutment consists of a concrete intake structure, concrete conduit, and concrete chute and stilling basin.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Cobb Reservoir is part of the Washita Basin Project of the Bureau of Reclamation, which also includes Foss Reservoir on the Washita River in Custer County, along with numerous small flood-control structures on creeks and streams. Municipal and industrial water is supplied to the city of Anadarko and Western Farmers Electric Cooperative through the Anadarko Aqueduct which begins at the Fort Cobb Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and fish and wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fort Cobb Reservoir provides over 2,000 acres (8 km²) of land and some 2,300 acres (9.3 km²) of water surface areas for recreation and includes 1,800 acres (7.3 km²) of land and 1,800 acres (7.3 km²) of water surface area for wildlife management. This reservoir provides some 45 mi of shoreline at top of conservation pool. The recreation areas are administered by the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department and the wildlife management area is administered by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Since reservoir releases are primarily for municipal and industrial demands and flood control, the reservoir does not normally experience drastic drawdowns.</p><br>
<p>The primary fish species include white and smallmouth bass, channel catfish, walleye, bluegill, bullhead, saugeye and crappie.</p><br>
<p>The lake offers five improved camping areas located on both the north and south sides. There are also many unimproved primitive camping sites located throughout the state park and wildlife management areas of the lake.</p><br>
<p>McGee Creek Reservoir is a reservoir in Atoka County, Oklahoma. It impounds the waters of McGee Creek and several smaller streams, including Potapo, Panther, Little Bugaboo, Bear, Blue, Mill, and Crooked creeks, all of which are tributaries of Muddy Boggy River. According to the Bureau of Reclamation , the reservoir was designed to extend 14 miles up McGee Creek and 9 miles up Potapo Creek when the water is at "conservation level.</p><br>
<p>McGee Creek Lake is bordered by the McGee Creek Wildlife Management Area, the McGee Creek Natural State Scenic Recreation Area, and McGee Creek State Park. The combined effect of these protected lands is to afford the area the same rural and isolated nature it has always known.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Reservoir</h3><br>
<p>McGee Creek Lake is 17 miles east of Atoka; 18 miles west of Antlers and 3 miles north of Farris, Oklahoma</p><br>
<p>The reservoir, which filled at the completion of the United States Bureau of Reclamation McGee Dam in 1987, consists of 3,810 acre surface area and 64 mi of shoreline. Its pool elevation is 577 ft above sea level and it holds 113,930 acre.ft. At flood stage its pool elevation is 595.5 ft above sea level and its storage capacity rises to 199,270 acre.ft.</p><br>
<h3>Dam and river outlet</h3><br>
<p>The dam is an earth-filled structure that is 1,968.5 feet long and 160.7 feet high across McGee Creek. An earthen dike 4,800 feet long and 59 feet high, blocks several saddles on the west side of the reservoir rim. A riprap blanket prevents erosion of the upstream sides of both the dam and the dike. The river outlet works located on the east side of the dam release water to McGee Creek under extreme conditions. The works include an intake structure, three conduits (each about 15 ft in diameter), a stilling basis, associated gates and controls. The discharge channel to McGee Creek can pass flows ranging from 6,500 ft&sup3; to 50,000 ft&sup3; per second.</p><br>
<h3>Municipal water outlet</h3><br>
<p>Water from the lake is routinely pumped to municipal consumers via pipeline. The river outlet works, located on the east side of the dam, handle this function. A separate intake leads to three conduits (each 15 feet diameter), which terminate in a stilling basin, which has a single pipe leading to the three variable-capacity centrifugal discharge pumps. The pumps discharge into a surge tank at the Atoka Lake, 18 miles away, via a concrete pipe that is 5 feet diameter. Other pumps then transfer the water to Oklahoma City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The McGee Creek Project and McGee Creek Authority were established in 1978 to develop and maintain the McGee Creek Reservoir to provide a municipal and industrial water supply for areas in central and southern Oklahoma, including Oklahoma City and Atoka County. Under the direct supervision of superintendent Glen Russell, the authority has operated and maintained the reservoir and associated facilities, including an attached water pipeline, a surge tank, a regulating tank, a maintenance complex, and land easements surrounding these facilities. The USA Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation owns the reservoir, but has granted McGee Creek Authority ownership title to the project office, aqueduct and appurtenances, and other operation and maintenance related facilities.</p><br>
<p>Created in 1975, Tom Steed Reservoir is a reservoir in Kiowa County, Oklahoma, 6 mi northwest of the city of Snyder, Oklahoma. The reservoir is approximately 6400 acres  of water created by damming West Otter Creek and diverting flows of Elk Creek through the Bretch Diversion Canal by Mountain Park Dam. Tom Steed Reservoir is the main feature of the Mountain Park Project of the USA Bureau of Reclamation. It provides municipal and industrial water to the cities of Snyder, Altus, and Frederick, as well as the Hackberry Flat Wildlife Management Area.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<p>Mountain Park Dam is located just upstream of Snyder Dam, on Otter Creek near Mountain Park, Oklahoma. A thin double-curvature concrete arch flanked by concrete thrust blocks, Mountain Park Dam is 535 feet (163 m) in length with a maximum structural height of 133 feet (41 m). This dam and the rolled earth East and West Dike embankments, which extend 10,311 and 13,235 feet (3143 and 4034 m), respectively, form the Tom Steed Reservoir. The reservoir has a total capacity of 117,825 acre.ft, an active capacity of 109,276 acre.ft, and a surface area at the top of conservation pool of approximately 6,400 acres (26 km²).</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department administers 6,100 acres (25 km²) on the east and south shores of the reservoir. Public recreation facilities on the east side include shelters, tables, grills, a comfort station, a boat launching ramp, and a swimming beach. The area south of the dam along Otter Creek offers picnic facilities and a bridge across the creek which leads to a nature trail through large cottonwood, ash, elm, walnut, and pecan trees.</p><br>
<p>The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation administers 5,150 acres (21 km²) of the west and north side of the reservoir area. Waterfowl and dove are plentiful, and other upland game species are increasing as more food and cover are developed. An extensive tree and shrub planting program continues to increase wildlife habitat. The reservoir is one of the best fishing areas in southwest Oklahoma, offering catfish, crappie, largemouth black bass, and other varieties.</p><br>
<p>Great Plains State Park is located on the shore of Tom Steed Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Wes Watkins Reservoir is a reservoir located in central Oklahoma, United States, between Oklahoma City and Shawnee . Its primary use is recreation, especially camping and fishing.</p><br>
<p>Wes Watkins Reservoir was opened to the public in August 1999 and is considered a relatively young reservoir. The 1,142 acre lake is operated by the City of McLoud as of July 1, 2010. It was formerly managed by Pottawatomie County Development Authority.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was named in honor of former Oklahoma Congressman Wes Watkins. It was initially known as North Deer Creek Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Shawnee city commissioners approved the transfer of Wes Watkins Reservoir recreational operations and management to the city of McLoud, beginning July 1, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Booker T. Washington National Monument is a National Monument near Hardy, Franklin County, Virginia. It preserves portions of the 207-acre  tobacco farm on which educator and leader Booker T. Washington was born into slavery on April 18, 1856. It provides interpretation of Washington&#39;s life and achievements, as well as interpretation of 1850s slavery and farming through the use of buildings, gardens, crafts and animals.</p><br>
<p>Congress authorized a commemorative coin to fund the purchase of the site. This commemorative half dollar was the first US coin to feature an African American, and was minted from 1946 to 1951 at three different mints. 18 varieties of the coin were produced, and more than 1.5 million were sold (primarily to collectors). Yet, after the coin&#39;s production was finished, the BTW Commission owed more money than it had assets, and the Commonwealth of Virginia had to step in to provide funds to purchase the site.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and designated a National Monument on April 2, 1956.</p><br>
<p>Kukkarahalli Lake also called Kukkarhalli Kere , located in the heart of the Mysore city, adjoins the Manasgangotri , the Kalamandir  and the Central Food Technological Research Institute  campus . It provides lung-space to the city. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar,  of the Mysore Dynasty  was responsible for getting the lake created, in the year 1864, to provide water for irrigation to about 4000 ha  of land outside the city. The Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore but over the years, sewage and excessive land encroachments  and blockage of water flow sources almost led to the eutrophication of the lake. The University of Mysore and the citizen forums of Mysore continue to make efforts to preserve the lake by implementing several remedial measures.</p><br>
<p>There is a 4.5 km walkway on the periphery of the lake with shaded stone benches for visitors to sit, relax and enjoy the scenic serenity of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located within the Mysore city limits. The Mysore City railway station is about 3 km from the Lake. The nearest airport is at Mysore, at a road distance of 15 km.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The lake drains a catchment area of more than 414 km&sup2; and the water body spreads over 62 hectare. Dewan Poornaiah feeder canal, 27 km long, which passes through Hinkal, Bogadi, Kudremala and Manasagangotri outfalls into the Lake. The Lake is ‘J’ shaped. The maximum depth of lake is reported to be 5 m. The east-west bund holds water on one side. Sandy loam to clay loam form the dominant geological condition of the Lake. On the northern side another temporary bund hold back the direct flow of waste water into the lake.</p><br>
<p>The highest flood level in the lake is 755.73 m.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>A detailed study of the physico-chemical and bio-chemical parameters of the lake waters carried out in the period 1981-2001 confirmed the deteriorating status of the lake necessitating action for restoration. There was a high percentage of chemicals but low percentage of total plankton (43%). The activity of chemicals lead to the liberation of extra quantity of cellular products which increased to 53.19%. Lake indicated high productivity of bio-chemical products; with death and decay of algal blooms adding to the biochemical concentration. The lake waters showed high electrolytes, low dissolved oxygen, high phosphate and nitrogen content with abundance of plankton blooms, all of which have contributed to a high degree of eutrophication. The non potability of the water body is indicated by the high degree of faecal contamination with organisms that produce H2S that may include forms of Salmonella, Proteus, Citrobacter and some strains of Klebsiella. The distribution pattern of plank tonic forms, for the decade ending 2001, as per laboratory tests of lake’s water samples provides the values of parameters such as the Chlorococcales, Desmids, Diatoms, Blue-greens and Euglenoids, as the biological indicators of water body, as given in table below which testify to the lake’s eutrophication status. The numbers indicate the microorganisms present in the sample per litre.</p><br>
<h3>Utility of algal biomass</h3><br>
<p>Scientists have reported that exploitation of polluted waters which are rich in algal biomass for biotechnological products could be a feasible proposition and that the Phycobiliproteins from algae could be used as sensitive fluorescent dye, as immunochemical reagent and also as efficient fluorochromes in multiple colour analysis.</p><br>
<h2>Bird watching</h2><br>
<p>The lake was once a big attraction to bird watchers. According to naturalists, about 176 species of birds (a large number of them migratory birds, including birds from Siberia) with 10,000 to 15,000 of them visited the lake during winter to roost. Organised bird watching expeditions around the lake used to be actively pursued by the Mysore Amateur Naturalists (MAN) Association. In recent years, with the lake getting into a eutrophic state (though since restored), the number of birds visiting the lake has substantially decreased. Now, the number of birds visiting the lake has reduced to about 2,000. They are found to breed in the isolated bird island. The birds now found in the lake (some of the birds are pictured in the gallery) are spot-billed pelicans, little cormorant, painted storks, openbill storks, Eurasian spoonbills, black-crowned night herons and Oriental darters. BirdLife International has included Kukkarahalli Lake in the list of 38 important Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the State of Karnataka.</p><br>
<h2>Lake restoration</h2><br>
<p>During the year 2003-2004, with grants of about US $0.2 million (Rs 91 lakhs) provided by the Asian Development Bank, Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (KUIDFC) in association with the University of Mysore under whose jurisdiction the Lake falls and citizens groups, carried out the restoration works of the lake. In order to effectively reduce the external loading of pollutants and the intervention of wastes into the lake ecosystem the measures implemented have covered the following with funds provided by the Asian Development Bank.</p><br>
<p>Widening of the bund on the southern side,</p><br>
<p>Forming a new walkway on the western side for the benefit large number of morning walkers who visit the lake,</p><br>
<p>Shaded (bougainvillea creepers) stone benches for visitors to sit, relax and enjoy the scenic serenity of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Improving the eastern and the northern pathway,</p><br>
<p>Fencing of the lake perimeter</p><br>
<p>The iron watch tower (within the lake) about 100 ft from the shores has been restored</p><br>
<p>Lighting arrangement along the southern bund.</p><br>
<p>Adopting rainwater harvesting methods to improve the quality and quantity of water inflows</p><br>
<p>Augmenting supply to the lake with fresh water inflow with filtered municipal back water wash</p><br>
<p>Adopting aeration of water techniques: boating is one of the methods widely adopted houses - a boating center has been established</p><br>
<p>Removal of algae by manual methods</p><br>
<p>Engineering methods to clean the boundary conditions of the lake such as desilting and opening of the intake channel</p><br>
<p>Ban on immersion of idols during festivals</p><br>
<p>Banned dumping of medical waste in the lake</p><br>
<p>Increased security system to restrict human influence</p><br>
<p>Increased aquaculture</p><br>
<p>Stakeholders participation for collective ownership and responsibility to restoration activities</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotoaira  is a small lake to the south of Lake Taupo on the North Island Volcanic Plateau in New Zealand. It covers an area of 13 km².</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotoaira is one of the few privately owned lakes in New Zealand being administered by the Lake Rotoaira Trust on behalf of its owners. An access permit must be held by those using the lake for fishing and similar activities.</p><br>
<p>The lake is located in a graben between the broad volcanic dome of Mount Tongariro to the south and the smaller volcanic peak of Pihanga to the northwest. It is naturally drained by the Poutu Stream into the Tongariro River.</p><br>
<p>However the Tongariro Power Scheme utilised Rotoaira as a storage lake for the Tokaanu Hydropower Station. Extensive engineering works were carried out including the diversion of a number of other streams (including Whanganui River) into Rotoaira via the Otamangakau Hydro Lake and construction of a tunnel through Pihanga to the Tokaanu Power Station. Damming of the Poutu outlet has created Motuopuhi island, formerly a peninsula.</p><br>
